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Waving the Bloody Shirt
A political tactic used by Republicans to remind voters of the Civil War and the sacrifices made by Union soldiers.
Tweed Ring
A group of politicians led by William M. Tweed that was involved in corruption and graft in New York City during the 1860s and 1870s.
Credit Mobilier Scandal
A major political scandal in the 1870s involving the Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier construction company that resulted in widespread corruption.
Panic of 1873
A financial crisis that triggered a severe economic depression in Europe and North America lasting until 1879.
Gilded Age
A period in U.S. history from the 1870s to about 1900 characterized by rapid economic growth, industrialization, and political corruption.
Patronage
The practice of giving government jobs to supporters and friends, often leading to corruption and inefficiency.
Compromise of 1877
An agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election and resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
A law that aimed to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.
Sharecropping
A system of agriculture where a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crops produced on the land.
Jim Crow
State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States from the late 19th century until the civil rights movement.
Plessy v. Ferguson
An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
Chinese Exclusion Act
A federal law enacted in 1882 that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States.
Pendleton Act
A 1883 law that established a merit-based system for federal employment and aimed to reduce patronage.
Homestead Strike
A violent labor dispute in 1892 at the Homestead Steel Works in Pennsylvania between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and the Carnegie Steel Company.
Grandfather Clause
A legal mechanism that allowed individuals to bypass literacy tests and poll taxes if their grandfathers had been eligible to vote before the Civil War.
Jay Gould
An influential American railroad developer and speculator known for his role in the expansion of the railroad industry.
Horace Greeley
An American newspaper editor and politician who founded the New-York Tribune and was a prominent advocate for social reform.
Rutherford Hayes
The 19th President of the United States, serving from 1877 to 1881, known for his efforts to reform the civil service.
James Garfield
The 20th President of the United States, serving in 1881, who was assassinated shortly after taking office.
Chester Arthur
The 21st President of the United States, serving from 1881 to 1885, known for his advocacy of civil service reform.
Grover Cleveland
The 22nd and 24th President of the United States, the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms.
Thomas B. Reed
A prominent Republican politician and Speaker of the House known for his role in the passage of legislation during the late 19th century.
Tom Watson
A politician and leader of the Populist Party who advocated for farmers' rights and social reforms in the late 19th century.
William Jennings Bryan
A prominent American orator and politician known for his advocacy of populism and his role in the 1896 presidential election.
J.P. Morgan
An influential American banker and financier who played a key role in the reorganization of several major railroads and the creation of General Electric.
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