ap bio ch26-28

What is the first step in the evolution of metabolism as outlined in the lecture notes?

Glycolysis

What are the two types of photosynthesis mentioned in the notes?

Photosynthesis splitting H2S and Photosynthesis evolving O2.

What is the main cause of the current 6th mass extinction?

Accelerated by human activity.

What is the first stage of chemical evolution of life?

Abiotic synthesis of monomers.

What characterizes the first organisms?

Prokaryotic, no membrane-bound organelles, anaerobic metabolism.

What are the three domains of life as discussed in the lecture?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

What is the primary shape of coccus bacteria?

Spherical.

Which type of bacteria is characterized by having more peptidoglycan in their cell wall?

Gram positive (+) bacteria.

What is the main means of locomotion in prokaryotes?

Flagella and axial filaments.

How do prokaryotes typically reproduce?

Asexually through binary fission.

What type of metabolism uses light energy and CO2 as a carbon source?

Photoautotrophic metabolism.

What are heterocysts?

Nitrogen fixing structures found in cyanobacteria.

What is the significance of Koch's postulates?

Used to connect a specific pathogen to a specific disease.

What are exotoxins?

Proteins secreted by a cell into the environment that produce specific symptoms.

What is the endosymbiont theory?

The theory that the first eukaryotic cells were formed by engulfing aerobic prokaryotes.

What are the key characteristics of protists?

Diverse organisms, all eukaryotic, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

What are the two stages in the alternation of generations?

Haploid stage and diploid stage.

What disease is caused by Plasmodium malariae?

Malaria.

What role do diatoms play in everyday products?

Used in toothpaste due to their silica cell walls.

What is the function of rib

The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy is called __________.

Photosynthesis.

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles are known as __________ cells.

Eukaryotic.

The outer structure that surrounds and protects bacterial cells is called the __________.

Cell wall.

The primary component of the bacterial cell wall is __________.

Peptidoglycan.

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the __________ of eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria.

The genetic material of bacteria is located in a region called the __________.

Nucleoid.

__________ are organisms that can live in high-temperature environments, often found in hot springs.

Thermophiles.

The domain that includes multicellular organisms is known as __________.

Eukarya.

The blue-green algae that conduct photosynthesis and fix nitrogen are called __________.

Cyanobacteria.

The process by which bacteria exchange genetic material through a pilus is called __________.

Conjugation.

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis.

What type of organism is known for living in extreme salt environments?

Halophiles.

What structure regulates the entry and exit of substances in eukaryotic cells?

Cell membrane.

What is the common name for the structures that are specialized for locomotion in eukaryotic cells?

Cilia and flagella.

Which cellular structure is responsible for processing and packaging proteins?

Golgi apparatus.

What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

Digestion and waste removal.

What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria.

What are the small, hair-like structures on the surface of some bacteria called?

Pili.

What is the chemical process by which cells generate energy from glucose?

Cellular respiration.

What type of cellular transport does not require energy input?

Passive transport.