Motor Learning - Topic 1: Proprioception

📝 Why do we study and understand proprioception?

It is the foundation of movement, coordination, and performing and learning motor skills

📝 What is the goal of rehabilitation in terms of injury?

Regaining the sense of proprioception

📝 What does contemporary fitness training include?

Exercises involving and improving proprioception.

What are some examples of contemporary fitness training?

Hight Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), Plyometric Training, and Function training such as squats, lunges, and/or bodyweight exercises.

What is Coordination?

process by which a pattern of movement is produced through combo of muscles acting together with appropriate intensity and timing

📝 Proprioception is the body's ability to perceive _ .

positions and moments of body parts like postural adjustments and awareness of the boy in a 3 dimensional space.

📝 How does proprioception maintain balance?

By understanding the vector of gravity and being able to orient yourself with that direction.

📝 How does proprioception controls and maintains force?

as you get older you are better at adjusting forces within your body (Ex: force needed to grab an egg vs force needed to grab a gallon of milk)

📝 What the 3 things proprioception gives the body the ability to do?

→ Perceive the positions and movements of body parts

→ Maintain Balance

→ Control and produce force

📝 Proprioception requires perceptions from what?

sensory receptors

📝 Proprioception requires transmission of information from .

sensory receptors to the CNS

📝 Proprioception requires interpretation of…

sensory information

📝Proprioception sends signals to _ to respond.

muscles

📝 What does proprioception require?

1) Perceptions from sensory receptors

2) Transmission of information from sensory receptors to the CNS

3) Interpretation of sensory information 4) Signals sent to muscles to respond

📝 What organs are included in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Brain and Spinal cord

What are the special functions of the Central Nervous System?

communication and decision making

📝What organs are included in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

All neurons and nerves that stem from spinal cord and go throughout your body.

📝 What are the nerves (neurons) connecting the CNS to the body?

Afferent Nerves, Efferent Nerves, Interneurons

Afferent nerve

go from sensory receptors to spinal cord.

📝 Function of the Afferent Nerve

Whole function is to send information to CNS

Efferent Nerves

go from spinal cord and brain and to your body

📝 Function of Efferent Nerves

Motor neuron that signals a muscle and tells your body to contract

📝 If you were to step on a tack and need to contract muscles to pick your foot up and move, which nerve would be responsible for this action?

Efferent Nerves

📝 If you were to step on a tack, the receptors would send signals to brain that something has happened; which nerve would be responsible for this action?

Afferent Nerves

Interneurons

located in spinal cord and relay signal back to muscles.

📝Function of Interneurons

Take signals from afferent neurons and communicate them to you muscles (efferent)

📝Acronym we used to identify neurons!

S(ensory)

A(ffect)

M(otor)

E(ffect)

📝 What are the 3 types of sensory receptors?

Exteroreceptors, Interoreceptors, and Proprioceptors

Exteroreceptors

perceive environment

Interoreceptors

perceive internal body functions

Proprioceptors

involved in proprioception/movement

What are the 6 forms of proprioceptors?

1) Mechanoreceptors (Skin)

2) Muscle Spindle

3) Golgi Tendon Organ

4) Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

5) Vestibular Apparatus

6) Vision

What are mechanoreceptors?

Receptors in the skin (especially in the face, eyes, and fingers) that sense different kinds of pressure.

What do mechanoreceptors perceive? When do they signal?

Perceive pressure against skin and movement of skin

What are mechanoreceptors important for?

→ Positioning of body parts against surfaces

→ Positioning and movement accuracy - especially fingers***

→ Adjustment of forces

Interacting, understanding, and telling the difference of different surfaces on the body (Being able to hold things, sit, lay down, leaning, etc), is an example of what aspect of mechanoreceptors?

Positioning of body parts against surfaces

Mechanoreceptors help to understand how heavy an objects is and how much force is needed to exert is an example of which aspect of mechanoreceptors?

Adjustment of forces

Peripheral neuropathy

tingling and numbness, lack of sensation … begins in the hands or feet and may spread through the limbs … most commonly a complication of diabetes or as a reaction to drugs or chemicals.

What are some things that hinder mechanoreceptors?

Ice/cold, anesthesia

Where is the Muscle Spindle located?

Within and between muscle fibers

When is the Muscle spindle signaled/perceived?

when the muscle is stretched

What is the Muscle Spindle important for?

sense of body position during voluntary movement and results in the stretch reflex (myotatic)

Myotatic reflex (Muscle Spindle)

involuntary contraction used in plyometric exercise to train muscles to contract more forcefully and produce power

Where is the Golgi Tendon Organ located

muscle tendon junction

When is the Golgi Tendon Organ signaled/perceived?

when a tendon is pulled during muscle contraction, it signals the amount of force on the tendon

What is the Golgi Tendon Organ important for/likely used?

production of appropriate forces and coordination of muscular contraction by stimulating agonist muscles and inhibit antagonist muscles.

Where is the Joint Kinesthetic Receptors located?

in and around joints

When is the Joint Kinesthetic Receptors signaled/perceived?

Perceive when joints are moved or when pressure is put on joints. They are primarily activated during extreme limits of position and force.

What are the Joint Kinesthetic Receptors important for/likely used?

Positioning of limbs and helps the body respond to prevent injury

Where is the Vestibular Apparatus located?

the inner ear, near the cochlea

When is the Vestibular Apparatus signaled/perceived?

Signals when you change direction or rate of acceleration, when your head moves or changes position

What is the Vestibular Apparatus important for/likely used when theres no motion?

provides information about head position, facilitates postural control and static condition

What is the Vestibular Apparatus important for/likely used when there is motion?

Provides information about acceleration and rotation of body

What are the types of eye dominance provided by vision?

Contralateral (on opposite side) and Ipsilateral (on same side)

What is optic flow?

perceived visual motion of objects as we move relative to them

What are important aspects of vision as a propioception?

→Optic Flow

→Relative distance from objects

→Speed of our movement

Vision's role in proprioception

→ Movement and location of body parts (Vision helps you locate where you are in space),

→ Balance (without vision we cannot orient)

→ Perception of environment

_% of all sensory receptors are in the eyes.

70%

_% of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information.

40%

T/F: vision takes precedence/priority over other senses.

True

Motor performance suffers when visual information is _.

incorrect or limited or absent

How is proprioception used as an application?

→ Fitness activities involving proprioception training

→ Learning motor skills

→ Proprioception training as a part of rehabilitation

When learning motor skills, the ability to get better at any motor skill depends on our ability to use proprioception to….

position the body, balance, exert appropriate forces, coordinate muscle contraction.

Following injury, the sense of proprioception is reduced because of…

Aging/certain diseases/illnesses. The more you get get to moving again, the better a patients proprioception