AP Psych Learning

In __________ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response.

continuous

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation was the

unconditioned response

The presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus are both examples of

punishment

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

stimulus which did not initially produce a response now elicits that response

In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning

occur after the response

If you have a snake phobia because you once heard a loud noise while looking at a snake, for you a snake is a

CS

A series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behavior are called

successive approximations

If the conditioned stimulus is presented many times without reinforcement, we can expect

extinction to occur

A child has learned to avoid a furry, black cat. However, she still plays with her grandmother's short-haired tabby. Her response demonstrates

discrimination

Punishment is most effective in suppressing behavior when it is

immediate, consistent, and intense

The greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a __________ schedule of reinforcement

variable interval

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the

bell

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

classical conditioning

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning) was the

neutral stimulus

Reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is

response contingent

After pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. This response is then called

conditioned response

Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner. Jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy

after all the dishes are put away

After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed. This is called

spontaneous recovery

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well. If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework. The stickers in this example could also be called

tokens

A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker. This demonstrates the use of

reinforcement

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (during and after conditioning) was the

conditioned stimulus

One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

classical conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are associated with one another

In classical conditioning, events critical to the learning occur __________ the response

Before

A punisher can be

any consequence that reduces the occurrence of a behavior

In a study of punishment, shock is administered to a hamster through a wire grid on the bottom of the cage. To the researcher's surprise, the hamster learns to roll on its back when shocked so that its fur insulates it from the shock. The hamster's response demonstrates

negative reinforcement

Becoming addicted to gambling is related to the effects of

partial reinforcement

The technique of using desensitization involves

gradually exposing the person to the feared stimulus only when they are fully relaxed.

A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement

fixed interval

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, food was the

unconditioned stimulus

To strengthen the connection between the CS and the CR, the CS must

precede the US

Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?

Punishment teaches new responses

Operant conditioning was studied by

Skinner

Using poker chips to reinforce mental patients for healthy behavior would be an example of using

Tokens

Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by

pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products

A neutral stimulus is one that

does not evoke the UR

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

Grades

For conditioning to occur, the proper order of events is

CS-US-UR

A team coach who benches a player for poor performance is using

punishment

For the connection between the CS and the CR to be strengthened, the CS must

precede the US

In operant conditioning, what is the relationship between events critical to learning and the response to be learned?

They occur after the response

The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n)

unconditioned response

In a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example of

stimulus generalization

When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response

Classical conditioning has occurred

Which of the following describes the state of affairs after conditioning?

CS-CR

The most basic form of learning that is not heavily dependent on higher order intellectual processes is known as

conditioning

Which of the following best describes punishment?

addition of an aversive event

Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding

increases; decreases

Two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rates of response are

fixed ratio and variable ratio

__________ occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event

Negative reinforcement

To shape the behavior of their students, teachers employ

secondary reinforcers

If you give a child her favorite licorice candy for doing well in school and she continues to do well in school, the licorice candy is

a reward and a reinforcer

Increased feedback

almost always improves learning and performance

A child is conditioned to fear a furry, black cat. Soon she becomes fearful of any black, furry object. Her new response demonstrates

stimulus generalization

The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is called

fixed ratio

The fact that responses become more resistant to extinction, after partial reinforcement, is called

the partial reinforcement effect

If you slow down every time you see a police car, your slowing down is probably due to

negative reinforcement

Your niece has a temper tantrum in the store when she is shopping. If you buy her a toy you are

encouraging more tantrums

Negative reinforcement and punishment

have opposite effects on behavior

A puppy has begun to cry and bark in order to be let into the house. To extinguish this response, you would

ignore the crying, letting the puppy in when quiet

Acquiring a fear of a light because you saw someone else getting shocked when the light came on is an example of

vicarious conditioning

Secondary reinforcers are

learned

Which form of learning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box?

operant conditioning

A child is frightened by a loud noise while playing with a cat. If the child learns to fear the cat, it can be said that the cat was

a CS

A child bitten by a white dog is not afraid of black dogs. This is an example of

discrimination

Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in

extinction

A corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is

payment of employees on a piece-work basis

By a continuous reinforcement schedule, we mean that

each correct response is reinforced

When you are first learning golf, you may hit one or two great shots in an entire round. You are being reinforced on what kind of partial reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

To teach a child to eat spaghetti, you would reinforce initial responses, such as holding the fork, and then increasingly closer approximations to the final response, a procedure known as

shaping

A rat learns to push a button in order to turn on a tone previously associated with food. The button pushing has been rewarded by a(n) __________ reinforcer

secondary reinforcer

Your handsome successful boyfriend winks at you each time before he tells you "I love you." Your expectation when he winks is a(an)

conditioned response

The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is

shaping

A child who occasionally gets rewarded with candy after asking her grandmother for a "treat" is being rewarded on a __________ schedule.

variable ratio

Teaching your cat to turn on the living room lights would best be accomplished by

shaping

In operant conditioning, the reinforcer occurs __________ the response, and in classical conditioning, it occurs __________.

after; before

Two principles of conditioning that have aided our learning and improved our adaptability as a species are

stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination

Learning is best defined as

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience

Responses that are reinforced and tend to be repeated illustrate

operant conditioning

To be effective, punishment should be

paired with reinforcement

After weeks of successful extinction trials, your pet dachshund suddenly resumes burying bones in the front yard. Your pet therapist advises you that the dog's behavior is an example of

spontaneous recovery

Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to

pavlov

Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

reflexes