Discover Biology 6th edition Chapter 2

covalent bonds

atoms that share electrons to form molecules

ionic bonds

atoms with opposite electrical charge that are held together by their mutual attraction

salts

atoms held together by ionic bonds

polar molecule

one end of a molecule has a positive charge, the opposite has a negative charge.

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water fearing

organic molecule

a molecule that contains carbon bonded to at least one hydrogen

cohesion

the attractive force that holds atoms or molecules of the same kind to one another

monosaccharides

the simplest sugar molecules

glucose

monosaccharide found in almost all cells

macromolecules

small organic molecules that link up via covalent bonds to create larger assemblies of atoms

polymers

macromolecules that contain monomers as building blocks

functional groups

clusters of covalently bonded atoms that have the same distinctive chemical properties no matter what molecule they are found in.

carbohydrate

a molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. Made of monosaccharide monomers

disaccharide

two covalently joined monosaccharides form this

starch

a polysaccharide that serves as an energy storage molecule inside plant cells.

polysaccharides

large polymers built by linking many monosaccharides

proteins

composed of amino acid monomers. One of the most familiar biomolecules.

glycogen

the main storage polysaccharide in animal cells

Amino Acids

the monomers from which protein are built

polypeptide

a polymer made from amino acids in the form of a chain.

peptide bond

amino group of one amino acid covalently links with another carboxyl group of another amino acid via covalent linkage called ____________________

fatty acid

a long hydrocarbon chain that is highly hydrophobic

lipids

hydrophobic biomolecules built from chains or rings of hydrocarbon. (fatty acids, glycerides,sterols, and waxes)

phospholipids

glyceride molecules consisting of two fatty acids joined to a glycerol that bears a phosphate group.

plasma membrane

Phospholipids are a major part of this, the outermost part of the cell as well as on the internal parts.

atom

the smallest unit of a chemical element that still has the properties of the element

acid

a chemical compound that can give up a hydrogen ion.

chemical reaction

the process of breaking or creating chemical bonds.

isotope

a variant form of a chemical element that, in its number of neutrons, and therefore in its atomic mass number, differs from the most common form of that element

proton

positively charged subatomic particle

electron

negatively charged subatomic particle

neutron

neutral subatomic particle

valence

outermost shell of electrons in any given atom

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

buffer

A solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it. Typically involve a weak acid or alkali together with one of its salts.

verb

hydrocarbon

A compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.

dehydration synthesis

Monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts

lipoprotein

any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

RNA

to create proteins within cells

(protein synthesis)

(direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes)

made of nucleotides, a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

DNA

a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living things, long-term storage of information. made of nucleotides,

a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nucleotide

Each has three components. a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

solvent

The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.

solute

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.

solution

a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent)

complex carbohydrates

Are made up of sugar molecules that are strung together in long, complex chains. Are turned to glucose (blood sugar) in the body and are used as energy.

amino acid polymers

a hydrogen. a carboxyl group, joined together by peptide bonds

PH

is a logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration

acidic

MORE HYDRONIUM THAN HYDROXIDE.

PH is less than 7.

basic

MORE HYDROXIDE THAN HYDRONIUM.

PH is more than 7