3/3 Core technical principles✅

what is paper made from + examples of paper

• wood pulp

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• bleedproof paper, cartridge paper, grid paper, layout paper, tracing paper

physical and working properties of: bleedproof paper, cartridge paper

Physical and working properties of bleed proof paper

• Physical - white, can be textured, thin

• Working - coated to stop colour seeping, ink stays bright on surface

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Physical and working properties of cartridge paper

• Physical - thick, textured, rough

• Working - expensive, opaque, used for watercolour

physical and working properties of grid paper, layout paper

Physical and working properties of grid paper

• Physical - white paper printed with grids like graphs or isometrics

• Working - lines are blue so that you can draw over them

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Physical and working properties of layout paper

• Physical - smooth finish, off white

• Working - takes most media well

physical and working properties of tracing paper

• physical - see through

• working - shiny, takes pencil well

examples of card / boards

• corrugated card

• duplex board

• foil lined board

• inket card

• solid white board

physical and working properties of: corrugated card, duplex board

Physical and working properties of corrugated card

• Physical - paper bonded in layers

• Working - strong, protective, insulating

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Physical and working properties of duplex board

• Physical - two layers of card bonded together

• Working - stiff, lightweight, printable

physical and working properties of: foil lined board, ink jet card

Physical and working properties of foil lined board

• Physical - white card with foil backing

• Working - stiff, resistant to liquids, reflects heat

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Physical and working properties of ink jet card

• Physical - bright white, smooth

• Working - deep colours

physical and working properties of solid white board

• Physical - smooth

• Working - stiff, can be cut or scored

what are hardwoods

• They come from deciduous trees

• Leaves fall off in autumn

• They take longer to grow, are not easily sourced, and are expensive to buy

Hardwood trees examples

ash, beech, mahogany, oak, balsa

physical and working properties of: ash, beech

Physical and working properties of ash

• Physical - pale, narrow grain

• Working - flexible, tough

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Physical and working properties of beech

• Physical - pink tint, close grain

• Working - tough, durable, smooth

physical and working properties: mahogany, oak

Physical and working properties of mahogany

• Physical - dark red, very close grain

• Working - cuts and polishes easy, gives a fine finish, used for furniture

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Physical and working properties of oak

• Physical - brown colour, unique grain marking

• working - tough, durable, polishes well, used for furniture

Physical and working properties of balsa

• Physical - pale, wide-spaced grain

• Working - soft and easy to form

what are softwoods

• Softwoods come from coniferous trees

• Evergreen

• Faster growing and cheap to buy

Examples of softwoods

larch, pine, spruce

physical and working properties of: larch, pine

Physical and working properties of larch

• Physical - pale, darker grain, knotty

• Working - durable, high sap content -> water resistant

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Physical and working properties of pine

• Physical - pale, nice looking grain

• Working - lightweight, easy to form

Physical and working properties of spruce

• Physical - pale, even grain

• Working - easy to form, takes stain colour well

What are manufactured boards

• Usually made from timber waste and adhesive

• Veneered to look better

• Cheap

Examples of manufactured boards

MDF, plywood, chipboard

Physical and working properties of MDF, plywood

MDF

• Physical - smooth, light brown, can be veneered

• Working - smooth, easy to finish, absorbs moisture

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plywood

• Physical - odd number of layers of veneer glued at 90 degree angles

• Working - easy to cut and finish, can be stained

Physical and working properties of chipboard

• Physical - compacted wood chips

• Working - strong, absorbs water

what are ferrous metals

• metals that contain iron

• magnetic

• prone to rusting

Examples of ferrous metals

low carbon steel, cast iron, high carbon steel

physical and working properties of: low carbon steel, cast iron

Physical and working properties of low carbon steel

• Physical - grey, smooth, rusts

• Working - ductile, tough, easy to form, used for construction

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Physical and working properties of cast iron

• Physical - dull grey, rusts

• Working - brittle if thin, can be cast, used for manhole covers

Physical and working properties of high carbon steel

• Physical - grey, smooth, doesn't rust easily

• Working - hard-wearing, harder than low carbon steel, sharpens well

what are non ferrous metals

• Metals that don't contain iron

• Not magnetic

• Don't rust

Examples of non ferrous metals

aluminium, copper, tin, zinc

physical and working properties of aluminium, copper

aluminium

• Physical - light grey, matt finish

• Working - lightweight, strong, ductile, used for drink cans

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copper

• Physical - rose coloured, can oxidise

• Working - good electrical conductor, can be polished, used for elec cables

physical and working properties of tin, zinc

Physical and working properties of tin

• Physical - silver in colour

• Working - soft, malleable, used for cans

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Physical and working properties of zinc

• Physical - silver-blue in colour, matt finish

• Working - brittle, used to galvanise steel

what are alloys + examples

• alloys are mixtures of metals with another element to improve properties or aesthetics

• examples - brass, stainless steel, high speed steel

physical and working properties of brass, stainless steel

brass

• Physical - non ferrous, oxidises with age and goes darker

• Working - an alloy of copper and zinc, can be cast and machined, used for musical instruments

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Physical and working properties of stainless steel

• Physical - ferrous metal, resists rust

• Working - alloy of chromium nickel and manganese, hard and smooth, used for cutlery

physical and working properties of high speed steel

• Physical - ferrous metal, dark grey

• Working - can be alloyed, withstands high temperatures, used for drill bits

what are thermoforming polymers

• can be heated and formed repeatedly

• pliable (flexible)

• recylable

examples of thermoforming polymers

• acrylic

• HIPS

• HDPE

• polypropylene (PP)

• PVC

• PET

physical and working properties of acrylic, HIPS

Physical and working properties of acrylic

• Physical - hard, brittle, shiny

• Working - resists weather well, can be cut and folded, used for car lights

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Physical and working properties of HIPS

• Physical - rigid, cheap

• Working - can be cut easily, food safe, used for yoghurt pots

physical and working properties of HDPE, polypropylene

Physical and working properties of HDPE

• Physical - stiff, strong, lightweight

• Working - flexible, can be recycled, used for washing baskets

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Physical and working properties of polypropylene

• Physical - easily coloured

• working - tough and flexible, used for plastic chairs

physical and working properties of PVC, PET

Physical and working properties of PVC

• Physical - cheap, can be matt or gloss

• Working - brittle, durable, used in window frames

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Physical and working properties of PET

• Physical - clear, smooth finish

• Working - light, strong, tough, used for clothing

what are thermosetting polymers

• Brittle polymers that can only be formed once

• Hard to recycle

• Good insulators

examples of thermosetting polymers

• Epoxy resin (ER)

• Melamine formaldehyde (MF)

• Phenol formaldehyde (PF)

• Polyester resin (PR)

• Urea formaldehyde (UF)

physical and working properties of epoxy resin, MF

Physical and working properties of epoxy resin

• Physical - supplied as two parts - one resin and one hardener - which combine to make an adhesive

• Working - rigid, heat resistant, durable, used in waterproof coatings

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Physical and working properties of MF

• Physical - hard, brittle

• Working - food safe, used for picnic ware

physical and working properties of PF, PR

Physical and working properties of PF

• Physical - rigid, brittle

• Working - good insulator, used for snooker balls

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Physical and working properties of PR

• Physical - a resin and hardener, clear, smooth

• Working - strong, heat resistant, good insulator, used for waterproofing items

physical and working properties of UF

• Physical - smooth finish

• Working - eat resistant, hard, brittle, used for electrical fittings

what are natural fibres

• come from plants or animals

• easily renewable

• biodegradable

examples of biodegredable fibres

cotton, wool, silk

physical and working properties of cotton, silk

Physical and working properties of cotton

• Physical - grows on a cotton plant, fibres are spun into yarn

• Working - takes dye well, soft, strong, absorbent

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Physical and working properties of silk

• Physical - made from silkworms, has continuous filament fibres instead -

• Working - soft and shiny, expensive,

Physical and working properties of wool

• Physical - spun from sheep fleece

• Working - can be fine or thick, soft or coarse, takes dye well

what are synthetic fibres

• Fibres made from non renewable coal or oil

• They are refined into polymers that don't degrade easily

Examples of synthetic textiles

polyester, polaymide, elastane

physical and working properties of polyester, polyamide

Physical and working properties of polyester

• Physical - can be woven or knitted, thick or thin

• Working - strong and versatile, holds colour well

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Physical and working properties of polyamide

• Physical - can be woven into many different forms , can be blended

• Working - shiny, water resistant, hardwearing

physical and working properties of elastane

• physical - smooth and stretchy

• working - hardwearing, quick drying

What are blended fibres and give 2 examples

• Blended fibres are mixtures of fibres to combine properties

• E.g cotton + polyester --> polycotton

what are non woven fabrics

Non-woven fabrics are webs of fibres that are glued, compressed or melted together.

Examples of non woven fibres

Bonded fabrics, felted fabrics

physical and working properties of bonded fabrics, felted fabrics

Physical and working properties of bonded fabrics

• Physical - fibres are visible and random

• Working - does not fray

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Physical and working properties of felted fabrics

• Physical - randomly matted fibres, available in many different colours

• Working - formed with moisture heat and pressure, can be shaped

what are knitted textiles

• Knitted textiles are made from rows of interlocking loops

• Can be made from lots of fibres not just wool

Physical and working properties of knitted fabrics

• Physical - can be warm knitted or weft knitted, available in lots of textures

• Working - warm, stretchy, strong, unravel when a hole is made

what are physical properties

The traits a material has before it is used

describe 5 physical properties

• Absorbency - ability to soak up moisture

• Density - how solid a material is

• Fusibility - the ability of a material to be heated and joined to another one when cooled

• Electrical conductivity - the ability to conduct electricity

• Thermal conductivity - the ability to conduct heat

what are working properties

How a material behaves when it is manipulated

Describe 6 working properties

• Strength - the ability of a material to withstand compression, tension, and shear

• Hardness - the ability to withstand impact without damage

• Toughness - tough materials are hard to break or snap and can absorb shock

• Malleability - being able to bend or shape easily

• Ducitlity - materials that can be stretched

• Elasticity - the ability to be stretched then return to its original shape