Orgo Spectras & General Rules
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33 Terms
What is a primary vs secondary vs tertiary carbon?
Bonded to 1 carbon vs 2 carbons vs 3 carbons
Interior carbons vs end carbons?
Interior carbons have higher chemical shift vs end carbons (usually higher degree)
How to calculate degree of unsaturation (HDI)?
[2*C+2+N-H-X]/2, X = halogens
What is upfield shift?
low frequency, towards right, lower chemical shifts, shielded
What is downfield shift?
high frequency, towards left, higher chemical shifts, deshielded
[H-NMR] How do we know if multiple protons are part of the same signal?
Have same chemical environment, symmetrical, equal distance from other functional groups
[H-NMR] Taller signals represent…
More Hs present (w/same chemical environment)
[H-NMR] How to determine multiplicity?
Number of H’s attached to neighboring carbons plus 1 (N+1) (ex. CH2 next to CH3, CH2 = quartet (3+1) relative to CH2)
More electronegative adjacent atom is…
Higher the chemical shift (deshielded)
[H-NMR] Trick to find benzene ring?
Two almost identical peaks close together, peak around 7 ppm
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/f2c7d69d-71f0-4869-9975-30d19b16f306.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
1500-1600
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/2be9f56d-a56f-4788-b9ab-d4d70ceff242.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
1600-1700
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/f3691cdd-94fb-439d-aa73-26893586708a.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
1650-1850
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/0d4b51c8-d2f8-4678-a1dd-52dc83dd771a.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
2100-2200
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/1f62eda7-0c2c-44a4-b675-3989e7a7361c.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
2200-2300
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/82a29457-60b5-4ba3-8c36-3a0e37d341e2.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
2800-3000
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/938a06b6-1d8a-4fb6-b300-126ee4226b61.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
3000-3100
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/f886b0a2-c798-42b8-85ac-04c7b53a0b34.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
3250-3333
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/aed5403f-2672-4bab-83b8-3c3a8bbc3fcd.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
3350-3500
![<p>[IR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/dffffd4b-86eb-433a-9316-f1ccdc14af90.png)
[IR] What’s the range of this group?
3200-3600
![<p>[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/1e1f6c6e-77df-4712-8e68-3e5899528285.png)
[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
5-84
![<p>[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/ea737928-9418-4bed-8442-26db1ae2f6b5.png)
[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
70-90
![<p>[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/1091dda9-a916-4c0b-93d4-933a5a9fec08.png)
[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
92-135
![<p>[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/aa94757c-5f27-4ba5-a70a-bc07dc64b11a.png)
[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
110-160
![<p>[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/9fad5564-af50-47c3-be36-c53d8bac9351.png)
[C-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
162-200
![<p>[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/bf6850c5-4754-48da-8ea0-3442ab3b16b8.jpg)
[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
0.1-0.8
![<p>[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/698dd441-09e6-48d6-a9b3-6f0ee3ad26e7.png)
[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
1.2-1.5
![<p>[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/ef20c20c-95b9-4b9f-b6f4-cfd658d054cd.png)
[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
2-3.4
![<p>[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/a6fec29f-baf6-4726-bda3-0b71f9661eb9.png)
[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
3-4.5 (name: alkyl halide)
![<p>[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/a378c5e0-964e-40d3-81d4-415905329318.png)
[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
4.6-6.5
![<p>[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/b2fcd30e-53aa-42a5-b391-09861ee21d09.png)
[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
6.6-8.5 (aka: aromatics)
![<p>[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/a90aadc3-848e-4df9-a015-290784ac30e0.jpg)
[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
9-10.1
![<p>[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?</p>](https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/0068f6b5-aeba-43d8-a3ea-b56a34cc2b32.jpg)
[H-NMR] What’s the range of this group?
10.2-13
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