GOLDEN AGE

What is English painting heavily influenced by?

Flemish artists ​

Who led the way with formal portraiture?

Elizabeth

Why did many nobles and gentry have portraits painted?

a sign of status

What did formal portraiture lack the sophistication of?

the sophistication of Holbein​

Who was the most famous miniaturist?

Nicholas Hilliard

What did Elizabeth have a collection of?

miniatures set in lockets and rings

What is an example of Elizabeth’s miniatures?

a ring containing a picture of her, and presumably her mother

What happened to official portraits>

were copied to maintain the image of Gloriana

What did Elizabeth enjoy as exercise?

Dance

What did Elizabeth play?

the Lute and Virginials

How many musicians did Elizabeth employ?

70

Where was music popular?

at all levels of society but particularly at court

Who are two famous composers?

Byrd and Tallis

What religion were Byrd and Tallis?

Catholic

Who was a famous composer for the CofE?

Gibbons

What is important about Byrd?

a musician for Elizabeth, wrote Cantiones Sacrae (religious music) compared with Bach

What are Elizabeth and her musicians considered to have done?

saved church music from the puritans (who would have liked it gone)

What was choral Polophony?

a type of church music, different sung parts and sometimes an organ

What is interesting about Elizabethan hymns?

many are still used today

What kind of music was there an increase of?

secular

What caused the spread of music?

the printing press

What were nobles at court expected to be?

musical and play the lute

What was the most popular form of music, what is it?

the madrigal, an unaccompanied piece for voices with a pastoral or romantic theme

What were Madrigals usually like in theme?

non political

What is an example of a madrigal?

1601 Morley put together a collection of 23 called the ‘triumph of Oriana’ which honoured Liz

Who were professional musicians employed by?

the church, the nobility and gentry at court, many still have minstrels galleries and musicians in houses

Who was a famous madrigal composer?

Wilbye

What did many towns have regarding music?

official bands called WAITS, perform at local events

Who were looked down upon as the cheapest music?

street musicians or travelling minstrels

Who did music get so popular?

ballads, songs, rhymes were printed on single, cheap sheets

What is an example of a popular, rude ballad?

Watkins Ale (about getting drunk and a bar maid who wanted sex)

What instruments were popular amongst the poor?

bagpipes and fiddles

What instruments were favoured by the rich?

lutes, spinnets and the harpsichords

What are lute songs?

songs sung with the lute

Who was the best known lute song writer?

Dowland, published his book of songs in 1597

What was Elizabeth’s motto?

Semper eadem - always the same

What happened to Elizabeths portraits later in her reign?

replaced by the ‘Mask of Youth’ which showed her in the same way as she had been portrayed in the 1560s and 70s. An attractive, healthy, middle-aged woman

How did regional painting work?

Cut out patterns were issued to painters in the provinces for artists to draw around and copy

How was Elizabeth portrayed in literature and art?

the creator of a new England – restoring a nation of justice & peace where all the virtues could flourish. She was portrayed as Astraea

Who was Astraea (Liz was often compared to her)?

Astraea was the Greek Goddess of Justice who lived on earth with humans during the Golden Age. She was the last immortal to leave the earth in disgust at humanity’s brutality. It was believed that she would return to restore the ‘Golden Age’ to earth.

Why was there unrest towards the end of the 1590s?

people sick of petticoat rule

What were novels like under Elizabeth?

largely unkown

What was happening to literature as a whole?

the amount being bought increased

What books were popular?

books that combined humanist and classical principles with political commentary

What is an example of popular book that combined humanism and politics?

Sydney’s Arcadia which basically said that a state was best served by a monarch whose powers were curtailed by the political class.​

Why was Elizabethan literature important

because it was the emergence of a unique and confident style emerging in English literature.​

What was the English bible pivotal for?

development of the Eng lang and literacy levels ​development of the Eng lang and literacy levels ​

What were the most common type of schools?

Petty schools, they were run in the teachers home

How were petty schools split?

by gender

What happened after petty school?

bright or well off boys would go to grammar

What did going to petty school depend on?

depended on parents , whether the family could manage with one less wage earner ​

As school was not compulsory, what did some people do?

some would leave school early to become and apprentice to master craftsman ​

Why did many girls not go to petty school?

, but only few go to these as most girls stay at home learn female role of wife, cooking, cleaning , sewing, treat sick​

What are female petty schools called?

Dame schools

Why did the poor not need to go to school?

Learnt what they needed from families and generally worked in the fields – did jobs that did not require literacy. ​

As most people couldn’t sign they name, what did they do?

would make a ‘mark’ of a shape / symbol

Why was Shakespeare important?

he wrote some plays for court, he mostly wrote for all ranks of society in commercial theatres.

Who was Marlow?

famously killed in a tavern brawl. His plays e.g. The Jew of Malta undoubtedly influenced Shakespeare when he arrived in London.

Who was Thomas Kyd?

he wrote many plays, all of which are now lost but one which was the basis of Shakepeare’s Hamlet. His remaining play was about Spain and revenge – lots of blood and death on stage.

Who was Thomas Dekker?

emembered for his realistic portrayal of daily London life. This was a new aspect of drama during the Elizabethan period.

What poem style was popularised in the 1530s?

Sonnets, notably Petrarchan

Who redefined the sonnet form?

Shakespeare - Shakespearian sonnets

Who was the most famous Poet under Liz?

Edmund Spenser

What famous poem did Spenser write?

The Fairie Queene – a long poem about Elizabeth portraying her as a Queen and a woman.

What did Elizabethan poetry influence?

poetry for the next 300 years

What was the first theatre?

opened in Shoreditch, owner was Burbage, called ‘the theatre’

When was the theatre ‘the curtain’ established?

1577

When was the theatre ‘the Rose’ established?

1587

When was the theatre ‘the Swan’ established?

1596

When was the theatre ‘the Globe’ established?

1599

Who are some famous actors?

Richard Burbage, Edward Alleyn, Will Kempe, Thomas Pope

What are some examples of theatre groups?

The LORD CHAMBERLAINS MEN were given money by Eliz own Lord Chamberlain – Lord Hunsdon. ‘Queens men’ are separate group of players Earl of Leicester was patron of own company called ‘Leicesters’ Men’​

Why did some nobles think theatre was a good idea?

it made the poor happy and forget about their problems​

What did puritans think of theatres?

disapproved

What are some examples of plays that were adapted due to political concerns?

Richard II by Shakespeare as it was about a monarch being overthrown and Henry IV by Hayward – dedicated to Essex mirroring his career , about a rebellion , done just before his own rebellion.

What were the two universities?

Oxford and Cambridge

When was the Inns of court established?

1597, to train lawyers

When do you go to uni?

age 14/15

What do you study at University?

Geometry, Music, Astronomy, law, divinity, logic, rhetoric

What was the highest qualification?

Doctorate, can only get that I medicine, law or theology

What Oxbridge colleges were founded?

1571 Eliz founded Jesus College Oxford ,Sir Walter Mildmay (one of Eliz councillors) founded Emmanuel College Cambridge

The number of Oxbridge students increased, nay how much?

1580’s 900 students admitted

What were the two types of students at university?

gentry , wealthier students and poorer ones who often went into Church​

What developed within universities?

Rise in the college system with inc nos of students living at uni , Before they lived in towns

What system developed in universities?

tutorials

What were the inns of court?

train in law but also acted as a finishing school – students might go here for 1 or 2 yrs ​

What did the admission to the inns of court increase by?

from 100 per yr 1550 to 250 in 1600

What did the cult of Elizabeth compare her to from the Bible?

a leader of the Israelites in the Old Testament (one of the ‘Judges’ & unique as a female leader)​

When did the cult of Elizabeth develop?

developed more in the 1570s, after the Northern Rebellion and excommunication – a time of potential crisis.​

What did Elizabeth try to recall?

After 1596 many portraits were destroyed and in 1600 the Privy Council Any images that didn’t comply with the official image

When was the image of the virgin queen especially promoted ny courtiers?

in the 1580s with the potential marriage of the Duke of anjou

When were people no longer able to make a portrait of Liz without her consent?

1563 when people were not allowed to make a portrait of her without first consulting the official template created by an official artist.​

What did Elizabeth revise?

the order of the garter to keep nobles loyal

What happened on ascension day?

jousting for the ‘heroine’ reigniting chivalric values

What had happened to religious images?

(pre-Reformation) had been destroyed and imagery of Elizabeth filled the gap

What happened to religious feasts and saints days?

took a back seat to days which celebrated Elizabeth as Queen – Ascension Day (17th November) – complete with feasting and jousting tournaments, holiday for 300 yrs​

Who were famous bears?

Tom Lincoln’ ‘Harry Hunks’ ‘Blind Robin’

Why did many games occur on holy days?

Attend Church in morning, sports in the afternoon.

What public executions did people enjoy?

People enjoyed going to a hanging especially if it was someone impt.

What os the story about the hangings in London?

complaints made when a hangman hung 20 people at once as they wanted them hung one at a time so they could see the expression on their faces!