exam 4

stuff from 10.0 to.... 12.2 exam on....

hemoglobin has_________ affinity for oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries vs the systemic capillaries

a higher

carbonic anhydrase is found…

in red blood cells but not the plasma

TRUE OR FALSE: carbon dioxide binds covalently to hemoglobin

false

hyperventilation leads to…

respiratory alkalosis

inspiratory neurons are found in the…

both the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

expiratory neurons are found in the…

ventral respiratory group

TRUE OR FALSE: lung stretch receptors are important regulators of breath depth at rest

false

central chemoreceptors respond (directly or indirectly) to changes in which arterial blood chemicals?

carbon dioxide

what is the primary organ to do gluconeogenesis in the body?

liver

Urine is primarily composed of ___________

water

The kidneys regulate the osmotic concentration of body fluids by producing either dilute or concentrated urine depending upon the needs of the body. The normal range of specific gravity of human urine is 1.001-1.028. If you perform a dipstick urinalysis and discover that the specific gravity of the sample is 1.028, what does this indicate?

The sample is very concentrated, and the body is preserving water

How are the results of a dipstick urinalysis determined?

Color changes of the individual pads are compared to a standard

All of the following are considered abnormal findings in a dipstick urinalysis except ___________

urea

In a fasting urine sample, which of the following is considered an abnormal finding in the urine?

glucose

The presence of leukocytes in urine indicated which of the following?

Urinary tract infection

Which of the following would be a normal pH for urine?

6

ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, and this means water flows:

from the collecting duct into the blood to decrease the volume of the fluid in the collecting duct

Tomato juice has a similar sodium concentration to blood plasma. How would salt and water in the tomato juice affect the ADH secretion of this human subject?

The level of ADH in his blood increased so more water was reabsorbed

Judging from the volume of the urine produced by each student, which person had the lowest level of ADH in their blood at the 40-minute. mark?

The student who drank soda, which had no salt

If you have a solution and water is removed from the solution, what happens to the concentration of the solute?

The concentration of the solute increases

If solution A has a higher pH than solution B, then solution A is said to be:

more alkaline than solution B

Compare the pH of the urine from the student who drank soda with the student who drank tomato juice. After 40 minutes, the urine from the student who drank soda had:

a higher pH

A urine sample with the lowest pH would have:

the highest concentration of hydrogen ions

Assume that the rate of hydrogen ion secretion along the length of the renal tubule was the same for each student. The student who drank soda produced urine with the highest pH because:

water stayed in the collecting duct, rather than being absorbed back into the blood, so that the concentration of hydrogen ions in the urine was low

Which student produced urine with the lowest concentration of sodium chloride at the 40-minute mark?

The student who drank soda, which had no salt

Assume that the rate of filtrate formation was the same for each student. The student who drank soda produced urine with the lowest level of sodium chloride because:

the level of ADH in his blood was **low**, so water remained in the collecting duct, rather than passing into the blood

TRUE OR FALSE: In healthy people, the renal excretion of glucose varies with glucose intake.

false

The fenestrae in glomerular capillaries are _______________ in most other capillary beds.

larger than

As plasma flows through the glomerular capillary there is the largest…

increase in oncotic pressure

Net filtration pressure at the end of the glomerular capillary is usually…

zero

The entire plasma volume is normally filtered in the kidney…

60 times per day

Changing the level of smooth muscle activity in the afferent and/or efferent arterioles…

changes glomerular hydrostatic pressure

n non-regulated reabsorption, usually _____________ of a filtered substance gets reabsorbed in the \n nephron.

all

Which of the following would tend to increase glomerular filtration rate? (select all that apply)

Afferent arteriole vasodilation and Efferent arteriole vasoconstriction

________ and anything in the plasma bound to them, will not be filtered into Bowman’s \n capsule.

proteins

Approximately what percent of the carbon dioxide produced by cells stays in the blood as dissolved carbon \n dioxide?

10%

Approximately what percent of the carbon dioxide produced by cells binds to hemoglobin in the blood?

30%

what name is given to hemoglobin that has carbon dioxide bound to it?

carbaminohemoglobin

What is normal body pH?

7\.40

What is venous blood pH?

7\.36

Approximately how much of the plasma that enters a glomerulus is usually filtered into Bowman’s capsule?

20%

What protein buffers blood pH by binding to hydrogen ions?

deoxyhemoglobin

where, specifically, do you find the rhythm-generation neurons for respiration?

pre-Botzinger complex

What organ makes DPG and what stimulates its release into the blood?

kidney in response to low o2 delivery

What are the names of the areas in the pons that regulate breathing?

pneumotaxic center and apneustic center

Where, specifically, do you find the peripheral chemoreceptors?

aortic bodies and carotid bodies

Peripheral chemoreceptors are directly sensitive to which two chemicals in the blood?

oxygen (o2) and hydrogen (H+)

What effect do the pontine respiratory regions have on breathing?

smooths the transitions from inspiration to expiration and back to inspiration

What three variables determine the glomerular filtration rate?

net filtration pressure, surface area available for filtration, and permeability of corpuscular membranes

What is the equation for renal excretion based on the three basic renal processes?

filtered+secreted-reabsorbed=excreted

What happens to the carbon dioxide produce by cells and transported in the blood that does not stay dissolved \n or bound to hemoglobin? Draw the reaction and dissociation that occurs and include the enzyme that is \n involved. (eqn)

carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ion

What happens in the chloride shift in red blood cells?

cl exchanged for hco3- across the RBC plasma membrane

What are the five functions of the kidney that were mentioned in the video?

regulates water and inorganic ion balance, removal of metabolic waste products, removal of foreign chemicals, gluconeogenesis, and produces hormones/enzymes

What is the mechanism of action and effect of mesangial cells in the kidney?

contract around and close off glomeruli to decrease surface area for filtration

In individuals on a very low carbohydrate, high fat (ketogenic) diet the liver produces ketones, which enter the blood. Ketones are acidic.  You would expect someone on a ketogenic diet to have _____________________arterial PCO2 compared to individuals on a standard American diet.

a lower

The primary determinate of hemoglobin saturation is

the Po2

Which of the following would increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? (select all that apply)

\
Increasing the PCO2

Increasing the pH

Increasing the concentration of DPG

None of these would increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Increasing the temperature

increasing the pH

Which of the following values is/are zero in healthy individuals? (select all that apply)

\
none of these values should be zero

hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule

oncotic pressure in the glomerulus

hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

oncotic pressure in Bowman's capsule

oncotic pressure in Bowman's capsule

In which of the following conditions would you find a substantial increase in minute ventilation over normal levels? (select all that apply)

An arterial Pco2 of 45 mmHg, An arterial Pco2 of 42 mmHg, An arterial Po2 of 50 mmHg

TRUE OR FALSE: Increasing sodium consumption significantly increases blood pressure in most people

false

TRUE OR FALSE: How sodium gets across the apical membrane of kidney tubular cells varies depending on the segment of the tubule

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Water is actively reabsorbed in the kidney

false

As sodium is reabsorbed, the osmolarity of the tubule…

decreases and the blood increases

Activation of the _______________________ nervous system leads to micturition

parasympathetic

Contraction of the detrusor muscle…

decreases urinary bladder compliance and increases pressure

Most water-soluble vitamins…

are filtered in the kidney and reabsorbed by the transporters

Sodium is NOT reabsorbed in (select all that apply)

the descending loop of henle and the medullary collecting ducts

The reabsorption of many substances in the kidney is tied to the reabsorption of what ion?

sodium

The secretion of many substances in the kidney is tied to the reabsorption of what ion?

sodium

What nerve carries post-ganglionic sympathetic axons toward the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters?

hypogastric nerve

What nerve carries pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons toward the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters?

pelvic nerve

What nerve carries alpha motor neuron axons toward the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters?

pudendal nerve

What receptor for the sympathetic nervous system/circulating epinephrine is present on the internal urinary sphincter, and what type of receptor is it?

alpha 1 adrenergic receptor; gq protein coupled receptor

What receptor for the sympathetic nervous system/circulating epinephrine is present on the detrusor muscle, and what type of receptor is it?

beta 2 adrenergic receptor; gs protein coupled receptor

What nerve carries urinary bladder stretch receptor afferents to the spinal cord?

pelvic nerve

What receptor for the parasympathetic nervous system is present on the internal urinary sphincter, and what type of receptor is it?

m2 muscarinic receptor; gi protein coupled receptor

What receptor for the parasympathetic nervous system is present on the detrusor muscle, and what type of receptor is it?

m3 muscarinic receptor; gq protein coupled receptor

The micturition reflex cannot be consciously controlled until children are about how old?

2 years

What is the name of the channel for sodium in the apical membrane of distal convoluted tubular cells?

ENaC channel

If a substance in freely filtered in the renal corpuscle, and its concentration in the afferent arteriole is 45 mg/ml, what is its concentration in the efferent arteriole?

45mg/ml

There is ______________________ of substance Y.

net reabsorption

What are the three substances normally excreted from the body that contain sodium? Which substance has the greatest variation in the amount of sodium excreted based on the needs of the body?

urine, sweat, feces; urine

What are the four locations where water is normally lost from the body, and which location(s) are regulated to control total body water?

urine, feces, sweat, respiration; urine

What are four conditions mentioned in the video that can lead to greater than normal sodium and water loss?

severe sweating, hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea

What is the physiological definition of clearance?

the volume of plasma completely cleared of a particular substance per unit of time

all epithelial cells have the sodium-potassium pump in…

their basolateral membrane

in non-regulated reabsorption, the substance…

may appear in the urine if the blood concentration is high enough

TRUE OR FALSE: it is easier to consume toxic levels of most water-soluble vitamins than most fat-soluble vitamins

false

TRUE OR FALSE: the renal clearance of all freely-filtered substances equals the glomerular filtration rate

false

the clearance of creatine is…

greater than the glomerular filtration rate

the sympathetic nervous system innervates the(select all that apply)

internal urinary sphincter

the parasympathetic nervous system innervates the (select all that apply)

detrusor muscle and internal urinary sphincter

the somatic nervous system innervates the (select all that apply)

external urinary sphincter

Excessive water consumption during exercise or mental stress can lead to death by…

hyponatremia

The urinary bladder stretch receptor afferent neuron is…

glutamatergic

Activation of the urinary bladder stretch receptor leads, directly or indirectly, to (select all that apply):

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters

 

Inactivation of the somatic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters

 

Inactivation of the sympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters

 

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters

 

Inactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters

 

Activation of the somatic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters; Inactivation of the sympathetic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters; Inactivation of the somatic nervous system to the urinary bladder/urinary sphincters

If a substance in freely filtered in the renal corpuscle, and its concentration in the afferent arteriole is 35 mg/ml, what is its concentration in Bowman’s capsule in mg/ml?

35 mg/ml

aquaporin-2 can be found(select all that apply)

inside the tubule cell and the apical membrane of a tubule cell

the v2 vasopressin receptor can be found…(select all that apply)

in the basolateral membrane of a tubule cell

vasopressin causes water channels to move from…

intracellular vesicles to the apical membrane