A&P Mid-term

anatomical position and why its important

An individual stands upright w/feet parallel and flat on the floor, head level and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side away from the body. By visualizing the body in anatomical position, all observers have a common point of reference.

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

appendicular skeleton

Extremities; shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones.

prone

lying face down

supine

lying face up

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Cephalic

pertaining to the head

Ventral

anterior

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Head: frontal

forehead

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Caudial

toward the tail bone

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back of body

Dorsal

posterior

Head: Orbital

eye

Head: Nasal

nose

Head: Oral

mouth

Head: Buccal

cheek

Head: Cervical

neck

Head: Mental

chin

trunk

chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Trunk: acromial

shoulder area

Trunk: thoracic/pectoral

chest

Trunk: mammary

breast

Trunk: Sternal

breastbone/ sternum

Trunk: Abdominal region

below the diaphragm

Trunk: Umbilical

navel/ belly button

Pelvis: coxal

hips

Pelvis: inguinal

crease of thigh

Pelvis: perineal

area between anus and reproductive organs

Pelvis: pudendal

external genitalia

Pelvis: pubic

genitals

Head: Otic

ear

Head: Occipital

back of head/ bottom of the head

Trunk: vertebral

spine

Trunk: scapular

shoulder blade

Trunk: cervical

neck

Trunk: thoracic

chest

Trunk: lumbar

lower back (ribs->hips)

Trunk: sacral

lower back (sacrum)

Trunk: Gluteal

butt

upper extremity

arm

Upper Extremity: axillary

arm pit

Upper Extremity: brachial

upper arm

Upper Extremity: cubital

outside of elbow

Upper Extremity: olecranon

bump of elbow

Upper Extremity: antebrachial

forearm

Upper Extremity: Carpal

wrist

Upper Extremity: digital

fingers

Upper Extremity: manual

hand

lower extremity

leg

Lower Extremity: femoral

thigh

Lower Extremity: patellar

front of knee (knee cap)

Lower Extremity: popliteal

back of knee

Lower Extremity: crural

lower leg

Lower Extremity: sural

calf

Lower Extremity: tarsal

ankle

Lower Extremity: calcaneal

heel

Lower Extremity: pedal

foot

LRQ

appendix, cecum

URQ

liver, gallbladder, duodenum

ULQ

stomach, pancreas, spleen

LLQ

descending colon, sigmoid colon

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

coronal plane

divides body into front and back

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

integumentary system

Skin, dermis, and glands• Regulation and protection prevents water loss

skeletal system

Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and tendons• Protection and support, blood cell production

Muscular System

Muscles attached to bones• Movements, posture, and generates heat

nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors• Regulates and coordinates sensation and movement, and many otherfunctions

endocrine system

Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, ovaries, testes, andpancreas• Regulation and maintenance of growth, metabolism, etc.

cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels, and blood• Transport of nutrients and waste, immune function

lymphatic system

Vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils and lymph tissue• Immune response, circulatory functions, fat absorption

Respritory system

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, lungs, and bronchi• O2 and CO2 exchange

digestive system

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, salivaryglands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas• Mechanical and chemical breakdown of ingested foods, andabsorption

urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra• Waste removal, regulates pH, water balance

reproductive system

Male: Testes, prostate, scrotum, penis, and the duct system• Female: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina• Produce sex cells and sex hormones

proper handling of a microscope

carry w/ 2 hands (one on base one on arm), clean lenses w/ lens paper, remove slides from stage and rotate to lowest lens before storing, wrap cord securely

Magnification

the increase of an object's apparent size by using lenses or mirrors

Resolution

The ability to distinguish two objects as distinct or separate (as close as 0.2µm)

total magnification

objective lens x ocular lens

cell size

diameter of field/number of cells

diameter of field of view

16,000/ objective lens mag(40x,100x,400x, or 1000x)

Find the diameter of the field at 200x

(10x*1600µm)/ 200x = 80µm

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

Flexible, selectively permeable (having pores or openings) boundary that helps control what enters and leave the cell.

phospholipid bilayer

a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid tails facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate heads facing outward.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid (cytosol) inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended, cytoskeleton provides structure/ anchors organelles

Nucelus

control center of the cell, Contains cell's chromosomes, surrounded by a double-layered membrane nuclear envelope.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The transportation system of the cell. It moves materials around the cell

rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. produces proteins for external and internal use

smooth ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. manufactures lipids and some steroids

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis