I. Alkaloids (Isoquinolines to end) Add. Info

Ipecac, Hydrastis, Sanguinaria, Curare, Opium Poppy

Isoquinolines

Cephaelis ipecacuanha

Brazilian ipecac

Cephaelis acuminata

Panama ipecac

emetine, psychotrine, cephaeline

AC of Ipecac

Ipecac

Use: Ipecac syrup (emetic) Ipecac fluid extract (14x

more potent) Dover's powder ( ipecac + opium

(diaphoretic))

Hydrastis canadensis

Hydrastis

Hydrastis

o Aka goldenseal

o AC: hydrastine, berberine

o Use as astringent

Sanguinaria canadensis

Sanguinaria

Sanguinaria

o Bloodroot

o AC: Sanguinarine

o Use expectorant, emetic

Strychnos castelnaei, Chondrondendron tomentosum

Curare

Curare

Aka south American arrow poison

o Use: skeletal muscle relaxant (paralysis)

o Antidote for strychnine poisoning

Papaver somniferum

Opium Poppy

Opium Poppy

Stone of Immortality

Morphine, Codeine, Noscapine, Papaverine, Thebaine

Opiates (Naturally Occurring)

Morphine

narcotic analgesic; most important

and most abundant; discovered by Friedrick Serturner

Codeine

(methylmorphine) - obtained from

methylation of morphine; antitussive; discovered

by Pierre Jean Robiquet

Noscapine

(anarcotine) - non narcotic opium alkaloid

Papaverine

antitussive; smooth muscle relaxant

Thebaine

non used therapeutically; precursor of oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone,

naltrexone

Heroin, Hydromorphone, Hydrocodone, Apomorphine

Opioids - synthetic/semi synthetic drugs that act on opioid receptor

Heroin

(diacetylmorphine) - acetylation of

morphine; increase danger of habit formation;

very potent; most common AE: constipation;

most severe AE: respiratory depression

Hydromorphone

most potent analgesic; less frequent SE

Hydrocodone

most potent antitussive

Apomorphine

condensation of morhine +HCL; use potent emetic; tx of Parkinson's disease

powdered opium, pare goric, laudanum, dover's powder

Other opium related products

powdered opium

10-15% opium

Pare goric

camphorate opium tincture

laudanum

opium tincture

dover's powder

ipecac + opium

Rauwolfia, Vinca/Cathatranthus, Nux Vomica, Physostigmine

Indoles

Rauwolfia

(Rauvolfia serpentina)

• AC: reserpine

• Tx of snakebites to insanity,hypotensive effect and

traquilizer effect

Vinca/cathatranthus

(aka periwinkle) (Catharanthus roseus)

• Vincristine, vinblastine

• Use for antineoplastic - arrest the cell cycle at

metaphase

Nux vomica

(Strychnus nux-vomica; Strychnus ignatti)

• Strychnine- toxic CNS stimulant ; rat killer

• Brucine - alcohol denaturant

Physostigmine

(Physostigma venenosum)

• AC: physostigmine/eserine

• - tx of glaucoma

Ergonovonine/ergometrin, methylsergide, ergotamine, LSD

Ergots

Ergonovonine/ergometrin

oxytocic agent

methylsergide

oral propylaxis for migraine

ergotamine

drug of choice for migraine

LSD

most active and most specific psychomimetic drug/hallucinogen

Pilocarpine

Imidazole

Pilocarpine

Pilocarpus jaborandi

—Cholinergic agent that improves outflow of aqueous humor à decrease intraocular pressure-tx of glaucoma

Green hellebore, white hellebore

steroidal

ephedra, colchicum, khat, peyote

Alkaloidal amines

Ephedra

Ephedra sinica

AC: ephedrine - nasal decongestant cardiac stimulant bronchodilator

Colchicum

Colchicum autumnale

AC: colchicine - tx of gout

Khat

Catha edulis

AC: Cathinone (only alkaloidal that could mimic the effect of amphetamine à mild euphoria and excitement

Peyote

Locophora williamsi

Streetname: mushroom, shroom

AC: mescaline, psilocybin - hallucinogenic and euphoric effect

caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, cola, coffee, gusanasa, mate/yerba mate, thea, theobroma

Purine

Caffeine

1,3,7-trimethylxanthine

Theophylline

1,3, dimethylxanthine

Theobromine

3,7 dimethylxanthine

Cola

Cola nitida

AC: caffeine, theobromine (CNS stimulant

Gusanasa

Paullina cupana

Caffeine catechutannin - CNS stimulant

Mate/yerba mate

Ilex paraguariensis - AC: caffeine

Thea

Camelia sinensis

AC: o theophylline (use:

bronchodilator tx for asthma) and caffeine

o Aminophylline - diethylamide complex of theophylline- tx of bronchial asthma

Theobroma

Theobroma cacao

- theobromine - diuretic in cardiac and pulmonary edema