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Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on observable behaviors and how they're learned through interaction with the environment.
Classical Conditioning
Learning through associations between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
Associative Learning
Learning that involves connecting two events, like in classical or operant conditioning.
Acquisition
The initial stage of learning when a response is first established and strengthened.
CC Parts (UCS, UCR, CS, CR)
UCS: Naturally triggers a response. UCR: Natural reaction to the UCS. CS: Previously neutral, now triggers a response after association. CR: Learned response to the CS.
Extinction
The weakening of a conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS.
Spontaneous Recovery
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time.
Stimulus Discrimination
Learning to respond differently to similar stimuli.
Stimulus Generalization
Responding the same way to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Higher-Order Conditioning
When a CS is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second CS.
Counterconditioning
Replacing an unwanted response with a desired one through conditioning.
Taste Aversion
A strong dislike for a food due to association with illness, even after one experience.
One-Trial Learning
Learning that happens after just one pairing of a stimulus and response.
Biological Preparedness
The idea that some associations are learned more easily due to evolution.
Habituation
Decreasing response to a repeated stimulus over time.
Operant Conditioning
Learning through rewards (reinforcements) and punishments.
Law of Effect
Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to recur, and vice versa.
Positive Reinforcement
Adding something desirable to increase a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior.
Positive Punishment
Adding something unpleasant to decrease a behavior.
Negative Punishment
Taking away something desirable to decrease a behavior.
Primary Reinforcer
A natural, biological reward like food or water.
Secondary Reinforcer
A learned reward, like money or praise.
Shaping
Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired outcome through reinforcement.
Instinctive Drift
The tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors, even after conditioning.
Superstitious Behavior
Repeating actions that are mistakenly believed to cause a desired outcome.
Learned Helplessness
When an individual believes they have no control over their situation, leading to passive behavior.
Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement
Continuous: Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. Partial: Rewarding only some occurrences, leading to stronger, more persistent behaviors.
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement after a set number of responses (e.g., every 5th response).
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., gambling).
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Reinforcement after a set amount of time (e.g., weekly paycheck).
Variable-Interval Schedule
Reinforcement at random time intervals, producing a steady response rate.
Social Learning Theory
Learning by observing and imitating others' behaviors.
Vicarious Conditioning
Learning through observing the consequences of others' behaviors.
Modeling
Learning by watching and copying others' actions.
Insight Learning
Sudden realization or 'aha' moment leading to problem-solving.
Latent Learning
Learning that isn't immediately shown until there's motivation to demonstrate it.
Cognitive Map
A mental representation of a physical environment or spatial layout.