Chapter 14 Anatomy & Physiology (McGraw Hill)

Rostral

toward the forehead

Caudal

toward the spinal cord

Do men or women have larger brains? Does this effect intellegence?

Men, and no, size makes no difference, only number of pathways formed

What is the cerebrum?

83% of the brains volume, cerebral hemispheres, gyri and sulci, longitudinal fissure, corpus collosum

What is the cerelellum?

10% of brain volume and 50% of neurons, second largest brain region, located in posterior cranial fossa

What is the brainstem?

diencephalon, midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

nucleus

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Ganglion

Collection of axons in the CNS

tract

Collection of axons in the PNS

nerve

What is white matter in the CNS?

tracts (bundles of axons)

When and where is cerebrospinal fluid made in the brain?

continuously and in the ventricles

How much cerebrospinal fluid is make daily?

500 ml/day - have to make and remove at the same rate

What are the 4 ventricles of the brain?

2 lateral ventricles

3rd ventricle

4th ventricle

What is the purpose of the cerebrospinal fluid?

makes the brain float, to cushion and protect, chemical exchange

Where are the choroid plexuses located?

in all 4 ventricles

What does the choroid plexus produce?

cerebrospinal fluid

CSF flows through ________________ into third ventricle

interventricular foramina

CSF flows down ____________________ into fourth ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

What will a 10 second interruption of blood to the brain cause?

loss of consciousness

what will a 2 minute interruption of blood to the brain cause?

significant impairment of neural function

What will a 4 minute interruption of blood to the brain cause?

irreversible brain damage

What does the blood brain barrier do?

regulates what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain

What forms the blood brain barrier?

astrocytes (like satellite cells in the PNS)

What two points does the brain barrier have to block?

Blood CSF barrier, blood brain barrier

What downside does the blood brain barrier cause?

obstacle for delivering medications such as antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs

circumventricular organs (CVOs)

places in the third and fourth ventricles where the blood brain barrier is absent - blood has direct access to the brain

Forebrain

largest part of the brain, two hemispheres divided by longitudinal fissure, connected by the corpus collosum, has 5 lobes

what are the 5 lobes of the forebrain?

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Occipital lobe

4. Temporal lobe

5. Insula

What does the frontal lobe control?

Who you are - emotions and personality

What does the parietal lobe control?

General senses

What does the occipital lobe control?

vision

What does the temporal lobe control?

hearing and smell

What does the insula control?

taste

What does the cerebellum control?

equilibrium, balance and motion

What does the limbic system control?

emotions and memory

gratification

sensations of pleasure or reward

aversion

sensations of fear or sorrow

what inhibits the CNS?

Dopamine

what inhibits the PNS?

Glycine

What does tetanus toxin do?

inhibits the PNS inhibitor glycine, causes lockjaw

what does the basal nuclei do?

involved in motor control, receives input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain

What joins the two thalami?

a narrow intermediate mass

Where is the thalamus located?

on either side of the third ventricle

infundibulum

connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; plays an essential role in homeostatic regulation

functions of the hypothalamic nuclei

hormone secretion, autonomic effects

How can the pituitary gland separate from the brain?

It sits in the sella tursica - if you get in a car wreck and your head hits the windshield, your brain will continue moving forward through the cerebrospinal fluid, but the sella tursica causes the posterior pituitary gland to not move and it can be torn off (The anterior pituitary gland is not connected so it will still function as long as it is undamaged

hypothalamus function

The 5 F's - food, fever, fear, fun and fornication

epithalamus

very small mass of tissue composed of pineal gland and habenula

What does the epithalamus do?

urge to sleep

midbrain

short segment of brainstem that connects hindbrain to forebrain - contains cerebral aqueduct

superior colliculi

optic reflexes

inferior colliculi

auditory reflexes

pons

anterior bulge in brainstem, has ascending and descending tracts, cranial nerves 5-8

Which nerves come off the brain?

the olfactory and the optic

which nerves come off the brain stem?

The 10 not including the olfactory and optic

medulla oblongata

tells your body what it needs

reticular formation

loose web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem - increases alertness and effects sleep

cerebellum

large structure of the hindbrain that is connected to the brainstem by 3 peduncles - does more than the rest of the hindbrain - (largest part of hindbrain and second largest part of the brain as a whole) - contains more than half of all brain neurons (100 billion)

inferior peduncle of cerebellum

connected to medulla oblongata

middle peduncle of cerebellum

connected to pons

superior peduncle of cerebellum

connected to the midbrain

cerebellum functions

motor coordination and locomotor ability

motor

voluntary movement

sensory

conscious awareness

association

integrate diverse information

higher brain functions

sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language - frontal lobe

mitochondria uses what to make ATP?

Glucose

cognition

the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge

cognitive function of the parietal lobe

helps perceive and attend to stimuli

cognitive function of the temporal lobe

identify stimuli

cognitive function of the frontal lobe

helps us think about the world and plan and execute appropriate behaviors

information management entails:

learning, memory, forgetting

amnesia

inability to recall past events

procedural memory

ability to tie ones shoes

antegrade amnesia

unable to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

loss of memories from the past

hippocampus

important limbic system area for memory

amygdala

emotional memory, survival instincts - receives input from sensory systems

Where do feelings arise from?

hypothalamus and amygdala

behavior

shaped by learned associations between stimuli and our responses to them - vary depending on culture

what is anterior and posterior to the central sulcus?

anterior: motor areas

posterior: sensory areas

where are the senses limited to?

the head

Vision is controlled by what lobe?

occipital lobe

hearing is controlled by what lobe?

temporal lobe

Equilibrium is controlled by what?

cerebellum

taste and smell are controlled by what lobe?

taste: parietal lobe

smell: temporal and frontal lobes

Wernicke's area

language comprehension

damage to wernicke's area

speech normal, but uses senseless jargon

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Damage to Broca's area

cannot form words, unable to speak

cerebral lateralization

-left side: logic, math, language and verbal skills

-right side: creative and spatial skills

left handed usually right side dominant, right handed usually left side dominant

12 cranial nerves in order

1. Olfactory

2. Optic

3. Oculomotor

4. Trochlear

5. Trigeminal

6. Abducens

7. Facial

8. Vestibulocochlear

9. Glossopharyngeal

10. Vagus

11. Accessory

12. Hypoglossal

Once Olga's Over The Terrible Anatomy Final - Very Good Vacations Await Her

Functions of the 12 cranial nerves

Some

Say

Marriage

Matters

But

My

Brother

Says

Big

Boobs

Matter

More

(Somatic, Motor or Both)