APUSH Unit 3

First Great Awakening

Religious movement that showcased increased emotionality in sermons, specifically in protestant denominations. Figures of this movement include Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Caused new denominations to appear in protestant and puritan sects, new view of authority where the middle man is taken out, religious positions held less authority, unified people of all origins and classes, emotionalism commonplace in religion now

George Whitfield

Protestant preacher from England who sparked the Great Awakening in New England with his emotional sermons regarding purity and sin. taught common people that they did not need to rely on ministers or people of authority to understand religious ideas and teachings. pushed for removing the middle man politcally and religiously

The Enlightenment

A movement in the mid to late 1600s and early 1700s that focused on rationalism and logical thinking. built philosophies for many aspects of society using rational thought such as government, social equity, learning etc. emphasized education and learning inspired american ideals and philosophies for government and inspired many to rebel against authority. played a significant role in motivating the patriots to want to separate from England.

John Locke

enlightenmnet philospher from England who made the idea of natural rights and consent of the people to be goverened, social contract. wrote a treatise on two governments inspired the founding fathers and colonists to aspire for independence from Britain and shaped the core principles of American democracy and the American Revolution (why the colonists were angry)

French and Indian War

One of several wars in the Seven Years war that occured in the colonies between French and Colonists over westward expansion into the Ohio River Valley. initially colonists losing because they're unorganized, regional groups of average citizens. British send delegates to discuss how to organize better to defeat French in Albany, NY and created the Albany Plan of Union which was never enacted due to conflict over taxes. British Victory in Canada ended war and Treaty of Paris 1763 signed giving GB complete control over American Territories. Debts incurred by this war caused the British to impose taxes that would infuriate the colonists and cause their revolt against Britain and would cause incongruency in American and British perspectives of colonists

Procolmation of 1763

prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalchian Mtns. mean to stabilize western frontier. instituted by the british as a means of controlling colonists colonists, enamored with their victory and feeling entitled to westward expansion went ahead anyway because they wanted to defy British authority. increases tensions between britain and colonies as britain tries to limit their auronomy more

Zenger Trial

John Zenger was accused of defamation of character of the governor of New York but was acquitted on the count that freedom of speech -- even hate -- was allowed precedent of freedom of speech and lessening role of status, wealth, power in the distribution of law

Stamp Act of 1765

A tax imposed by the British that required all officials documents to be stamped with official stamp that had to be paid for first direct tax that people saw the money leave their pockets due to and infuriated the colonists to the point of creating a stamp act congress that concluded the "no taxation without representation" policy that would be later instituted. Sons and Daughters of liberty formed to intimidate tax collectors, boycotts against the purchase of British imported goods to call attention to the repeal of the stamp act

Townshend Acts

act for collecting taxes on tea, glass, paper and other goods used to fund the salaries of crown officials, allowed for unwarranted search of homes of anyone suspected of smuggling, and suspended the New York Assembly Samuel Adams and James Otis distributed pamphlets urging the petition of parliament causing parliament to send more troops and threaten legislature in the colonies

Nonimportation

the cessation of importing goods from another country Americans used this tactic against GB in order to petition the stamp act

Boston Massacre

increase of British officers in Boston due to smuggling because of increased taxes. group of colonists harass a group of British soldiers and tensions quickly escalated with 5 people being shot after the soldiers fired into a crowd incident was the subject of many inflammatory pamphlets and articles meant to spark support against the british

Intolerable Acts

the coercive acts and quebec acts passed in response to the boston tea party. which closed ports, increased the power of crown officials, allowed officials to be tried in London courts, and establishing the quarting act that forced colonists to house soldiers at their expense. quebec act instituted roman catholicism when most were protestant, a govt with no rep assembly, and extended the boundary of the colonies to ohio river valley renewed the conflict between colonists and the british government over taxation and ideas of "fulfilling the rights of an average british citizen"

Battles of Lexington and Concord

British troops make a premptive attack against the americans by trying to seize their weapons, but Paul Revere and William Dawes warned of their arrival, allowing for milita in Lexington to assemble to fire shots but the british were still successful in destroying weapons in both Lexington and Concord starts the american revolution with the first violent attack against the british

Sons of Liberty

group of patriots that seek to spread anti-british sentiments and instigated many attacks on british ships and tax collectors helped egg the revolution onward with political agitation and mob violence

Daughters of Liberty

made homespun clothing and home produced goods to help support families during the boycotts of british goods gave women larger responsibility and more autonomy and power to act as a group

Olive Branch Petition

a peace offering extended to the king of England saying that the colonies would be loyal in return for parliament to secure colonial rights and strive for peace, but was ultimately ignored by the king and instigated more agitation by banning all trade and shipping with the colonies example of how the colonists did not want to separate from britain at first and still wanted to remain loyal, but the inaction of british parliament and the king demanded their complete autonomy over themselves

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense and Patriot, he wrote a convincing argument for the colonies independence from Britain in plain language, invigorating more widespread support for the patriot cause broke down class barriers of enlightenment ideas since many were unable to recieve an education and understand enlightenment ideas. allowed for greater support for american revolution by the general population

Republicanism

the belief in a republican form of government based on self rule and popualr sovereignty, recognizing natural rights, limitations on centrialized government, no inherited power structure inspired by enlightenment ideas and was strongly utilized in the creation of the country's documented founding

Republican Motherhood

the idea that women are essential to democracy since they have the power to produce son well-versed in republican ideals this gave women power and a role in society and also necessitated their education, giving them more rights and more power that was pretty well receieved

Battle of Saratoga

defining battle in the revolutionary war that convinced france to support the colonies in defeating the british France's joining of the war was not by Louis XIV's support for the cause but rather the act of defeating the british. this encouraged other countries to join the war, spreading the british thin over more territory and supplies used

Ben Franklin

patriot who made advancements in science with the lightning rod and contributed to political organization of colonies with the Albany Union Plan, Continential Congress, and in convincing the French to join the war against the British played a key role in spreading information and supporting patriot cause with political action with France, Britain, and among the common people

Treay of Paris 1783

Treaty that ended the war after American victory in Yorktown that forced GB to recognize America as an independent country with its border at the Mississippi River and agreed that Americans would repay the debts to British merchants and loyalist claims to lands revoked during the war established america as an independent country from britain, making the revolution a success that would inspire many other countries to have similar revolutionary ideas throughout the world

Pontiac's Rebellion

Chief Pontiac led a rebellion against the colonists' desire for westward expansion where forts from NY to VA were detroyed, but British troops were sent directly to shut down rebellion tensions increasing between colonists and natives as natives try to retain any kind of autonomy over the land they had and the colonists were becoming increasingly more powerful

Northwest Ordinance

meant to establish a method for admitting new states to the union, it provided education, decent treatment of natives, outlawed slavery, and allowed for freedom of religion meant to reduce tensions between states trying to claim the land for themselves and established a govt in the northwest

Land Ordinance

1785 where people were able to buy lands west of the Appalachian mountain that helped set up communities and encourage westward movement this allowed for 5 states to be formed outside of the original 13 colonies and and opened up the territory in the west to settlement

Shays' Rebellion

Daniel Shay led a rebellion against the massachusetts government after many poor farmers were plunged into debt due to high taxes which led to many violent attacks on courthouses and other govt properties and led to military confrontation in 1787 helped show that the Articles of Confederation couldn't effectively put down internal rebellion with brute force alone and encouraged a revision of the form of government

New Jersey Plan

a plan for how to govern the country that limited each state to one vote in congress to make it fairer for little states that was proposed at the constitutional convention that did not end up being enacted becuase many felt that it would limit the power of big states the idea of size influencing amount of power in democratic matters called for more proportional representation. it followed many of the same principles as the articles of confederation and argued for more balanced representation in Congress

Virginia Plan

a plan proposed by james madison that introduced idea of 3 branches of government with a strong national government that did end up being passed deviated from the articles of confederation in that it included proportional representation based on the amount of people in the state who could vote, so not extending to slaves or women

3/5 Compromise

a clause that determined that 3/5 of the slave population in a state would contribute to the representation allowed in congress and the allowed direct tax helped convince the southern states to agree to the virignia plan and the passing of the constitution since their populations were majority slaves so their representation based on the virignia plan would be very little

Suffrage

the right to vote granted to exclusively white, land-owning men in america due to their heavy burden of taxes this did not extend to women, slaves, natives, or poor white men without property and was a point of contention as more groups pushed for universal suffrage

Manumission

release from slavery this is the act of releasing a slave by the master's own will without government involvement. it was illegal in many states but became commonplace during the revolution as many were freed to fight in the war

Federalists

those who supported the passing of the consitution and believed in strong national government and weaker state governments which would promote economic growth and maintain order usually wealthier men on the coast and included founding fathers such as George Washington, Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison

Anti-Federalists

those were against the passing of the consitution and believed in strong state governements since they believed that a strong government was too similar to the rule of the British usually poorer farmers and included representatives such as John Hancock and Patrick Henry

The Federalist Papers

a series of 85 essays penned by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay that argued for the accpetance of the constitution into law adding the bill of rights to the constitution convinced many states to ratify the constitution with exeception of Virginia and New York which would prevent a unified country