organic chem sac

covalent bond strength

• bond energy indicates the covalent bond strength

• the bond strength will increase when the number of bonds increases

• bond strength will increase as electronegativity increases

• bond strength will increase as atomic radii are smaller

Alkanes

• non polar

• form single carbon bonds

• end in -ane

• saturated because of single bonds (maximum number of hydrogens)

Alkenes

• non polar

• double carbon to carbon bonds

• end in -ene

• unsaturated because of double bonds

Haloalkanes

• F= Fluoro group

• Cl= Chloro group

• Br= Bromo group

• I= Iodo group

Alcohols

• hydroxyl group (-OH)

• three types based on the number of alkyl groups (groups containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms)

• tertiary alcohols are very stable because are unreactive

Primary Amines

• homologous series- amines

• functional group- amino group (-NH2)

Primary Amides

• homologous series- amide

• functional group- amide link (-CONH)

Aldehydes

• Carbonyl group (-CHO)

• Aldehydes groups only exist at the end

• Ketone functional groups can only exist within carbon chains

Carboxylic acid

• Carboxyl group (-COOH)

Non-branched esters

• functional group= ester group (-COO) or (-OCO-)

Structural isomers

are molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms (different IUPAC name)

Esters physical properties

• polar carbonyl group

• dipole dipole bonds

• viscosity, melting and boiling points are higher than alkanes, alkenes and haloalkanes

• high soluble in water as they can form hydrogen bonds with water

Aldehydes and ketones physical properties

• polar carbonyl group

• dipole-dipole bonds

• viscosity, melting and boiling points are higher than alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes and esters

• highly soluble in water as they can form hydrogen bonds with water

Amines physical properties

• polar amino group

• hydrogen bonding

• viscosity, melting and boiling points are higher than alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, esters, aldehydes and ketones

• high soluble in water as they can form hydrogen bonds with water

• add an -anamine

Alcohol physical properties

• polar hydroxyl group

• hydrogen bonding

• viscosity, melting and boiling points are higher than alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, esters, aldehydes, ketones and amines

• highly soluble in water as they can form hydrogen bonds with water

Primary Amides physical properties

• polar amide group

• hydrogen bonding

• viscosity, melting and boiling points are higher than alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, esters, aldehydes, ketones, amines and alcohols

Carboxylic acids physical properties

• polar carboxyl group

• hydrogen bonding

• highest viscosity, melting and boiling points

• highly soluble in water as they can form hydrogen bonds with water

strength of molecules (highest to lowest)

1. carboxylic acid

2. primary amides

3. alcohols

4. amines

5. aldehydes/ketones

6. esters

7. haloalkanes

Percentage yield

• calculated based on what is produced as a result

• actual yield/theoretical yield x100

Factors that can reduce percentage yield

• reactants/products being lost

• equilibrium reactions not proceeding to completion

• impurities in the initial samples of reactants

• reactants undergo side reactions to form different products

Atom economy

• total molar mass of reactants converted into desired products

• calculated by comparing the molar mass of desired products formed versus the molar mass of reactants used

High atom economy

• a higher atom economy means there are fewer waste products

• higher atom economy also means the reaction is more efficient, cheaper, sustainable and environmentally friendly

• high atom economy pathways may require rare or toxic materials that need a high energy input

Renewable feedstock

reactants formed from animals or plants used to make other chemicals

Catalysts

• aligns with design for energy efficiency (faster reaction)

• aligns with prevention of wastes (can be used over again-not consumed)

• against designing safer chemicals (heavy metal as catalysts (Ni(s)) are typically toxic to humans)

Enzymes

• biocatalysts are less hazardous than synthetic catalysts

• often only effective at specific conditions (temperature, pH)

• maintaining these specific conditions can produce additional wastage

• often need to be dissolved in water, which limits the processes that they can be used for