Hema I Lab [Rodak's Hematology 6th edition] - Automation

What are the three general principles that pursue automated blood cell analysis?

Electronic Impedance, Radiofrequency, Optical Scatter

This principle is based on the electrical resistance the cells produce as they traverse a small aperture.

Electronic Impedance

Oscilloscope - displays pulses that are generated by the cells as they interrupt the current between ______ and _______ electrodes.

a.) Input and output

b.) external and internal

c.) positive and negative

d.) NOTA

b.) external and internal

It portrays the volume distribution of the cells counted.

Volume distribution histogram

This allows the separation and quantitation of WBCs into three populations

Lytic agents

With regards to your answer in the previous item, describe the populations it separates and quantitates.

Lymphocytes, Mononuclear Cells and Granulocytes

True or False. Protein Buildup and Curry over of cells falsely increases cell counts and falsely elevates cell volume.

False.

Protein buildup falsely DECREASES cell counts and falsely elevates cell volumes.

Association type.

Falsely elevates cell counts

a.) Protein Buildup and Carry-over of Cells

b.) Recirculation of cells back into the sensing zone

c.) both

d.) none

b.) Recirculation of cells back into the sensing zone.

Remember that protein build up falsely decreases cell counts.

This avoids many potential problems inherent in a rigid aperture system

Hydrodynamic focusing

Prevention of recirculation of cells back into the sensing zone?

Backwash or sweep-flow mechanism

Through manual aperture cleaning and burn circuits, we can prevent this source of error:

Protein build-up and carry over of cells

Coincident passage loss refers to

statistically predicting and mathematically correcting cell counts to its reduction (Turgeon, 2013).

Has low-voltage DC impedance with RF resistance

Radiofrequency (RF)

Total volume of the cell is proportional to pulse height of change in RF signal.

Cell interior density is inversely proportional to pulse height of change in RF signal.

a.) statement 1 is true. statement 2 is false.

b.) none of the above

c.) statement 1 is false. statement 2 is true.

d.) both statements are true

e.) both statements are false.

e.) both statements are false.

Total volume of cell is proportional to the changes in DC while cell interior density is proportional to pulse height of change in RF signal.

How is conductivity measured in radiofrequency?

It is measured through a high frequency electromagnetic probe.

maybe used as primary method or in combination with other methods?

Optical scatter

Hydrodynamically focused sample stream is directed through a ________________ past a focused light source.

a.) cuvette

b.) quartz flow cell

c.) flow cytometer

d.) hollow cathode lamp

quartz flow cell

Type of light source that can amplify light by stimulating emission of radiation

Tungsten-Halogen Lamp or Helium-Neon Laser

May be used to study WBC, RBC, and platelets

a.) Tungsten-Halogen

b.) Laser Light

c.) Both

d.) None

According to your handout laser light can only be used but according to Rodak's 6th. Both can be used to study WBC, RBC, and platelets. Refer to chapter 12 of Rodak's hematology.

Matching type.

1. Forward-angle light scatter (0 degrees)

2. Orthogonal/Side light scatter (90 degrees)

3. Forward Low-Angle Scatter

4. Forward High-Angle Scatter

5. Differential scatter

A. Combination of Low-Angle and High-Angle forward light scatter

B. 2-3 degrees; Correlate with cell volume and refractive index with internal complexity.

C. Correlates with degree of internal complexity.

D. 5-15 degrees; Correlate with cell volume and refractive index with internal complexity.

E. Correlates with cell volume.

1-E

2-C

3-B

4-D

5-A

True or False. Monochromatic light is emitted at a single wavelength differs from bright-field in its intensity, its coherence.

True.

Which printout lets the end user know at a glance that the results are acceptable and no manual work needs to be performed?

a. Cell-DYN Sapphire

b. UniCel DxH 800

c. ADVIA 2120i

d. Sysmex XN-series

D. sysmex XN-Seroes

Which instrument printout has a system flag on the platelet count?

a. Cell-DYN Sapphire

b. UniCel DxH 800

c. ADVIA 2120i

d. Sysmex XN-series

A. Cell-DYN Sapphire

What do you suspect is the cause of the variation in platelet counting among the four instruments?

a.) Different instruments have different levels of sensitivity.

b.) All instruments use the same principle for counting platelets

c.) Some instruments are susceptible to false-positive platelet flagging under certain conditions.

d.) Different instruments use different thresholds to capture and count platelets

d. Different instruments use different thresholds to capture and count PLTs

A patient peripheral blood film demonstrates agglutinated RBCs, and the CBC shows an elevated MCHC. What other parameters will be affected by the agglutination of the RBCS?

a.) MCVs will be decreased and RBC count will be increased.

b.) MCVs will be decreased and RBC count will be decreased.

c.) MCVs will be increased and RBC count will be decreased.

d.) MCVs will be increased and RBC count will be increased.

C. MCVs will be increased and RBC count will be decreased.

Math the cell counting methods listed with the appropriate definition

1. Impedance

2. RF

3. Optical Scatter

a. Uses diffraction, reflection and refraction of light waves

b. Uses high-voltage electrical waves to measure the internal complexity of cells

c. Involves detection and measurement of charges in electrical current between two electrodes.

Impedance - C

RF - B

Optical Scatter A

Low-Voltage DC is used to measure:

a. cell nuclear volume

b. total cell volume

c. cellular complexity in the nucleus

d. cellular complexity in the cytoplasm

B. Total cell volume

orthogonal light scatter is used to measure:

a. cell volume

b. internal complexity of the cell

c. cellular granularity

d. nuclear density

B. internal complexity of the cell

on the Beckman coulter, hematocrit is a calculated value. which of the following directly measured parameters is used in the calculation of this value.

a. RDW

b. Hemoglobin

c. MCV

d. MCHC

C. MCV

Match each instrument listed with the technology it uses in WBC differential counts.

1. Abbott CELL-DYN Sapphire

2. Siemens ADVIA 2120i

3. Sysmex XN-1000

4. Beckman Coulter Unicel DxH 800

a. Volume, conductivity, and five angles of light scatter.

b. MAPSS technology and three-color fluorescence

c. Peroxidase-staining absorbance and light scatter

d. Detection of forward and side scattered light and fluorescence

1 - B

2 - C

3 - D

4 - A