TTU A&P 1 Boros Exam 1 Review

What does Anatomy describe?

Structures of the body

What does structure determine?

Function

Atoms

The smallest chemical units

Molecules

Groups of atoms working together

Organelles

Groups of molecules working together

Cells

Groups of organelles working together and surrounded by a cell membrane

Forms the smallest units in the body

Tissue

Groups of cells working together to perform a specific task

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines cells ( cytology) and tissues (histology)

Organs

Groups of different tissues working together

Organ System

Groups of organs working together

Organism

All organ systems working together

Gross Anatomy

Examines larger, visible, organs and organ systems:

Systemic Anatomy

Regional Anatomy

Surface Anatomy

Anatomical Position:

Supine: Lying down, face up

Prone: Lying down, face down

Regional Anatomy

Head: Skull, Face

Neck: Cervicle

Trunk: Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis

Back: Dorsal

Buttock: Gluteus

Upper Limbs: Arms( Axilla, Brachia) , Forearms( Antebrachia) , Wrists and Hands ( Carpus)

Lower Limbs: Thighs (Femoral) , Legs (Crus), Ankles and Feet (Tarsus & Pes)

Directional Anatomy

Posterior-Back

Anterior- Front

Cranial- Toward brain ( describing torso)

Caudal- Toward tail ( describing torso)

Superior- Above

Inferior- Below

Lateral- Side of midline

Medial- Close to midline

Proximal- Towards the head of bone

Distal- Towards the end of bone head

Superficial- Outside of structure

Deep- Inside of structure

The Three Planes

Frontal- Divides the body into anterior/posterior sections

Transverse ( Horizontal)- Divides the body into superior/inferior sections

Sagittal- Divides the body into Left and Right sections

Two types of skeletal systems

Axial skeleton: "axis"- a straight line about which the body rotates

Appendicular skeleton: "append"- to attach to, to hang from

Three components of Axial Skeleton

The skull

The Vertebral Column

The Thoracic Cage: the sternum, the ribs

Primary Functions of Axial Skeleton

Support body

Protect organs

Attaches to skeletal muscle

What other component besides the vertebral column and thoracic cage does the axial skeleton consist of?

The skull

Two groups of the skull

Cranial bones: Function- protect brain

Facial bones: Function- protect entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts

The 6 Cranial Bones

Frontal ("brow")

Parietal("wall")

Temporal("temple")

Occipital

Sphenoid("wedge-like")

Ethmoid("sieve-like")

Foramen

Hole

Process

Projection

Mastoid

Breast-like

Styloid

Pillar-like

Magnum

Large

Crista galli

Rooster's crest

The 4 Primary Facial Bones

Maxilla

Mandible

Nasal

Zygomatic

Temporomandibular Joint

The mandible is the only movable joint of the skull

Zygoma

Cheek

Concha

Shell

Hyoid Bone

Function: Attachment site for skeletal muscles associated with the larynx(voice box) and the pharynx (throat)

Is the only bone in body that doesn't articulate with other bones

5 regions of the Vertebral Column

Cervical (7)

Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5)

Sacral (5 fused)

Coccygeal (3-5 fused)

Thoracic and Sacral curvatures are Primary

Cervical and Lumbar curvatures are Secondary

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

Chest

Lumbar

Loins

Functions of the Vertebral Column

Protect the spinal cord

Support the head and body

Attaches to skeletal muscles of the body

Major Components of the Vertebra (1)

The vertebral body carries weight of the axial skeleton

The vertebral arch is composed of: 2 pedicles (little foot), and 2 laminae (layer)

Vertebral foramen: hole between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch. It surrounds and protects the spinal cord

Major Components of the Vertebra (2)

Transverse process: muscle and ligament attachment site

Spinous process: muscle and ligament attachment site

Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae

Contains a transverse process: protects a blood vessel traveling from the thorax to the brain

Small oval body

Triangular vertebral foramen

Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae

Long slinder spinous process

Heart-shaped body

Small round vertebral foramen

Costal articular processess AKA facets- articulates with ribs

Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae

Short, thick, blunt spinous process

The largest vertebrae

Thick, large oval-shaped body

Triangular vertebral foramen

Cervicial Vertebrae

Transverse foramen

Thoracic Vertebrae

Giraffe's head

Lumbar Vertebrae

Moose's head

Sacrum

Function: protect organs

Is curved more in males than in females

Coccyx

Attaches ligaments and muscles of the anus that control defecation

Components of Thoracic Cage (1)

Consists of: Sternum(breastbone) - jugular notch, manubrium( handle), sternal angle,body, xiphoid process ( sword)

Components of Thoracic Cage (2)

Consists of: Ribs (12 pairs)- True Ribs (#1-#7) attach to vertebral column and sternum. False Ribs (#8-#12) attach to vertebral column and to the 7th rib. Floating rib ( #11-#12) attach only to the vertebral column

Functions of the Thoracic Cage

Protect the heart and lungs

Attaches to skeletal muscles

The components of the Appendicular Skeleton

Includes all bones besides axial skeleton: the girdles- pectoral, pelvis and the limbs- upper, lower

2 Components of the Pectoral Girdle

Composed of: the clavicle( collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade)

Function: connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint

Fossa

Depression

Coracoid

Raven

Acromion

Point

Glenoid

Socket

4 Upper Limb Components from proximal to distal

Arm: proximal to elbow

Forearm: distal to the elbow

Wrist

Hand

Functions: allows us to move, and manipulate objects

The Arm ( Brachium)

Humerus

Tubercle/Tuberosity

Bump

Condyle

Knuckle (articular process)

Epi

Above

Inter

Between

Capitulum

head

Trochlea

Pulley

What direction does the humerus head face?

Medial side

Forearm

Also called Antebrachium

Consists of 2 long bones distal to the humerus:

Ulna(medial)- articulates with the humerus, radius, and carpals

Radius(lateral)-articulates with the humerus, ulna, and carpals

Wrist and Hand (1)

8 carpal bones- make up the wrist

5 metacarpal bones- numbered I-V from lateral (thumb) to medial and make up the palm of the hand

Carpal

Wrist

Meta

Beyond

Wrist and Hand(2)

Phalanges: Proximal, Middle, Distal- make up the digits of the hand, 4 fingers each composed of 3 phalanges( proximal, middle, distal), the pollex (thumb) has 2 phalanges( proximal, distal)

Phalanx

Close-knit row

3 Components of the Pelvic Girdle

Made up of 3 fused bones: Ilium, Ishium, and Pubis

Function: Connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

Components of the Pelvic Girdle

The Pelvic girdle+ the sacrum and the coccyx form the "pelvis"

The sacroiliac joint forms a very sturdy attachment to the axial skeleton

Acetabulum

Acid bowl

Compare a male and femal pelvis

Sex a pelvis by measuring the pubic angle with digits: Male- 90 degrees or less Female- 100 degrees or more

4 Lower Limb Components from proximal to distal

Thigh: proximal to the knee

Leg: distal to the knee

Ankle

Foot

Function: weight bearing, and movement

Femur

Bone of the thigh

Trochanter

Bump

The Patella

Also called the knee cap

Sesamoid bone: nodular bone embedded in a tendon- Patella is formed within a quadriceps tendon

Patella

Small dish

The Leg

Tibia: Also called the shinbone, articulates with the femur, fibula,and tarsals, supports body weight, and medial to the fibula

Fibula: Lateral to the Tibia, articulates with the tibia and tarsals, doesn't support body weight

The Ankle and Foot(1)

7 tarsal bones- make up the ankle

5 metatarsal bones- numbered I-V from medial (hallux) to lateral and make up the base of the foot

Tarsal

Instep

The Ankle and Foot(2)

Phalanges (Proximal, Middle, Distal)- make up the digits of the foot, 4 toes each have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), the hallux( big toe) has 2 phalanges( distal and proximal

Joints

Articulations

Where does movement occur at?

Joints where 2 bones connect

What depends on the anatomy of the particular joint?

Direction and Amount of movement

What decreases as mobility increases?

Joint Stability

What happens to joint stability as mobility decreases?

It increases

3 Functional classes of Joints

Immovable joints: have direct connective tissue or cartilage connections b/w bones, are very strong, may ossify over time ex: joints between skull bones

Slightly movable joints: have direct connective tissue or cartilage connections b/w bones, are not as strong as immovable joints, don't ossify over time ex: bones separated by cartilage

Free movable joints (Synovial joints): found at the long bones, bones are separated by a cavity

4 Components of a Synovial Joint

Contains a cavity to separate two bones

Surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

Inner surface of capsule is lined by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid into the cavity, thus providing lubrication to reduce friction

The articular surfaces are covered with articular cartilage which provides a smooth surface (friction- free) to protect the bone

4 Accessory Structures of Synovial Joints

Cartilage ex: meniscus- shock absorber

Ligament( attach bones to bones): limit movement

Tendons(attach muscles to bones): support the joint

Bursae(pockets of synovial fluid): reduce friction

How are all major joints when in anatomical position?

Extended and adducted

"Axis of Rotation"

Axis- a straight line about which the the body rotates

Where does the movement occur?

Plane

What is the axis in the frontal plane?

Anterior-Posterior axis

What is the axis in the sagittal plane?

Horizontal axis

What is the axis in the transverse(horizontal) plane?

Vertical Axis

What is the relationship between plane and axis?

The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane