Health Test

Part 1: Infectious Disease

Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are pretty much everywhere: in the ground, in the ocean, on your hands and in your gut. While some are harmful, most are not — and some are even beneficial to human health. In many cases, humans live in symbiosis with bacteria, maintaining a mutually beneficial relationship without even knowing it. Ex. Salmonella bacteria

Infectious Disease

Communicable disease caused by microorganisms in or on humans, plants or animals ex. Salmonella

Parasite/protozoa

One celled organisms that can live freely or be a parasite in nature ex. Giardia

Virus

Microorganisms that infect cells and may cause disease ex. Cold

Fungi

Spore-producing organisms ex. Athlete's Foot

Disease

An illness/sicknes characterized by specific signs and symptoms

Methods of Transmission, Direct

Exchange of infectious material from its origin to susceptible individual ex. Sneezing, Coughing, Sharing Drinks

Methods of Transmission, Indirect

Exchange of infectious material by source that acts as carrier ex. Animals, Airborne, Contaminated objects

How do you prevent the spread of infectious diseases? Give at least 4 examples

Cover nose/mouth when sneezing or coughing. Vaccinations. Wash your hands. Food Sanitation.

Part 2: STI and HIV/AIDS

How are STI’s contracted? Can you get one from casual contact?

By engaging in sexual activity with an infected partner. Cannot get by casual contact. Treatment: Antibiotics

How are HIV and AIDS contracted?

By having sex, sharing needles or syringes

What treatment are available for STIs?

STI’s are treated by antibiotics

What treatment is available for HIV/AIDS?

antiretroviral therapy, NOT a cure

How can you prevent STI’s?

Abstinence, Limited number of partners, Both partners tested, condoms

Part 3: Chronic Disease/Non-communicable Disease

\--Key Terms - Define all terms with examples--

Diagnosis

Identifies type of disease that person has and treatment ex. Pneumonia

Complications

A new problem or related disease occurs ex. Sepsis (infection of the blood) may occur as a complication of a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

Prognosis

Probable outcome of the disease, including duration and severity ex. Cancer→Death

Allergens

Substance that causes an allergic reaction ex. A food

Cancer

An abnormal development of cells that divide uncontrollably ex. Malignant Tumor

Stroke

Blood supply to brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients ex. Drooping mouth

Hypertension

Long term force of blood against artery walls that is higher than normal ex. Too high blood pressure reading

Heart Disease

Range of conditions of heart that prevent it from functioning normally ex. Heart failure

Diabetes

Affects the way the body processes glucose ex. Type 1(where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin.) , Type 2(where the body does not produce enough insulin, or the body's cells do not react to insulin.)

Chronic Disease

Diseases that can’t be spread from person to person that develop over time ex. Obesity

What are the risk factors that contribute to chronic diseases?

1. Smoking 2. Poor Nutrition 3. Drug/Alcohol use

What are 3 ways to prevent chronic diseases?

1. Eat healthy 2. Don’t Smoke 3. Don’t use drugs

Unit 4: Injury Prevention

Unintentional Injuries/Accidents vs. Intentional Injuries

UI Injury: Can be predicted + prevented I Injury: Caused by violence, destructive behaviors

Different Factors that Affect Injuries

Individual Behaviors

Choices made by you, no matter your environment

Access to Services

Such as health care, doctors office, hospitals

Physical Environment

Choices made at home or in community ex. falls, fires, burns

Social Environment

Choices made with peers ex. Peer pressure, social norms

Cautious Risk Taker vs. Reckless Risk Taker

Recognize potential risk vs act impulsively

First Aid

First help given to injured/sick person

Lay Responder

Non-professional person who provides first aid and helps ex. “me”

Good Samaritan Laws

Laws that protect individuals who willingly give care to others in an emergency situation

Check, Call, Care

Checking scene for safety, Call 911, Care providing treatment within area of training

D.E.C.I.D.E. Decision Making Model- know what each letter stands for

D of Decision Making Model

Define Problem

E of Decision Making Model

Establish criteria

C of Decision Making Model

Consider all alternatives

I of Decision Making Model

Identify the best alternative

D #2 of Decision Making Model

Develop and implement a plan of action

E of Decision Making Model

Evaluate and monitor

What are Barriers to helping someone in an emergency and ways to overcome those barriers?

Barriers: Not knowing CPR, not having correct Equipment, Not sure if you can help How to overcome: Get First Aid/CPR/AED certified, use personal protective equipment, Be familiar with Good Samaritan Law

Signs of a heart attack

Chest pain, Pain spreading to all body parts, mainly left-side, Nausea, Vomiting, Grayish-blue skin color

Signs of a stroke

Trouble speaking/slurred speed , Confused, Numbness, Vision issues

Cardiac Chain of Survival- Define all steps

Early Access, Early CPR, Early Defibrillation, Early advanced care

What is the recovery position?

In first aid, the recovery position is one of a series of variations on a lateral recumbent or three-quarters prone position of the body, often used for unconscious but breathing casualties.

psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

nature-nurture issue

the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

natural selection

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

neuroscience

the perspective of psychological science that deals with how the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

evolutionary

the perspective of psychological science that deals with how nature selects traits that promote the perpetuation of one's genes

behavior genetics

the perspective of psychological science that deals with how much our genes, and our environment, influence our individual differences

psychodynamic

the perspective of psychological science that deals with how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

behavioral

the perspective of psychological science that deals with how we learn observable responses

cognitive

the perspective of psychological science that deals with how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

social-cultural

the perspective of psychological science that deals with how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

hypothesis

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

operational definition

a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances

case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

population

all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

correlation coefficient

a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

experiment

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants the experimenter controls other relevant factors)

placebo

an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

placebo effect

any effect on behavior caused by a placebo

experimental condition

the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

control condition

the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

independent variable

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect if being studied

dependent variable

the experimental factor--in psychology, the behavior or mental process--that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable

mode

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

median

the middle score in a distribution; the scores are above it and half are below it

range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

statistical significance

a statistical criterion for rejecting the assumption of no differences in a particular study

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Biological psychology

concerned with links between biology and behavior