Body Systems

Dorsal side

The top side or above

Ventral Side

The lower side

Anterior

Toward the head or front

Posterior

Toward the tail or rear

Lateral

Toward the side

Medial

Toward the midline

Proximal

Near a point of reference

Distal

Away from a point of reference

Right

Structures to the right of the “dorsal” midline

Left

Structures to the left of the “dorsal” midline

Pinna

The outer ears

Nostrils

Also known as the nares

Umbilical Cord

Tube connecting the fetus with the placenta

Mammary Papillae

also known as the teats

Scrotum

External sac containing the testes

Genital Papilla

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Urogenital Opening

Define Hormone

A chemical released in 1 part of the body and affects cells of a different part of the body, a “messenger”.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

To deliver "messages” throughout the body.

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Exocrine: releases secretions through ducts.

Endocrine: releases secretions through the bloodstream.

Give one example of an exocrine gland.

Sweat glands, tear glands.

Hypothalamus

makes hormones that control the pituitary gland and hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary Gland

Makes hormones that controls the function of other endocrine glands; called “the master gland”; releases 9 hormones; smaller than the tip of little finger.

Parathyroid Glands

These four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood.

Thymus

During childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates T cell development and proper immune response.

Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands release hormones that help the body respond to stress.

Pineal Gland

releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycle.

Thyroid

produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism throughout the body.

Pancreas

produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

Ovaries

produces estrogen (responsible for egg development and the formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty) and progesterone (prepares uterus for pregnancy.

Testes

produces testosterone (sperm production and the formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty).

Which gland is considered part of both the endocrine and digestive system?

pancreas

Explain how the thyroid gland maintains homeostasis.

the hypothalamus senses low thryoxine levels in the body and then releases thryoxine.

Explain how the pancreas maintains homeostasis.

When blood sugar levels are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin stimulates liver and muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon stimulates liver and muscles to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air, and tissues.

Nose and Mouth

warms, moistens, and filters the air we breathe in.

Epiglottis

covers the entrance to the trachea where we are swallowing.

Pharynx (throat)

passageway for food and air

Larynx (voicebox)

Muscles pull vocal cords together and air moving between them producing sound.

Trachea (windpipe)

Connects larynx to bronchi; has cells with cilia to filter air.

Lungs

made up of many tiny air sacs that are lined with capillaries for gas exchange with the blood.

Bronchioles

Leads into the lungs from the trachea; branches out until it reaches alveoli.

Diaphragm

large, flat, thin muscle that is between the heart and liver and is involved in breathing.

Where does gas exchange take place?

between capillaries and the alveaoli, which are grouped into clusters that look like grapes; a delicate network of thin-walled capillaries surround each alveolus.

What organs does the circulatory system include?

heart, blood vessels, and blood

Pericardium

the protective sac of tissue that the heart is enclosed in.

This thing divides the left side of the heart from the right side of the heart.

septum

how many chambers does a human heart have?

4

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

atria

What are the bottom chambers of the heart called?

ventricles

Pulmonary circulation pathway

the right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs.

Systemic circulation pathway

o2 rich blood from the lungs flows into the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body.

Why are valves important in the heart?

they keep blood moving through the heart in only one direction.

What are the three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?

arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Artery

carries o2 rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body; largest vessel; has thick walls; are bright red because blood is o2 rich.

Capillaries

brings nutrients and o2 to cells; removes CO2 and waste from cells; smallest vessel; one cell thick; connects arteries to veins.

Veins

returns o2 poor blood back to the heart from the body; contains valves to keep blood flowing toward heart; are “blue” because blood is o2 poor.

What is the function of the digestive system?

convert food into simpler molecules that the cells can use.

Salivary glands

create saliva, which contains enzymes to start breaking down food in the mouth.

Esophagus

connects the mouth to the stomach (contracts to help guide food down to stomach - this is called peristalsis).

Stomach

a large muscular sac that contains digestive enzymes to break down food.

Small intestine

most chemical digestion takes place here; where nutrients are absorbed from food.

Large intestine (colon)

retains excess water; develops feces; make and absorbs vitamins.

Liver

detoxifies blood, produces bile (which breaks down, or emulsifies, fats)

Gallbladder

stores bile

Spleen

destroys and makes red blood cells; produces antibodies for the immune system.

What is the function of the excretory system?

removes waste from the body

Kidney

removes waste products from the blood; maintains blood pH, regulates the amount of water in the blood.

Ureter

tube that carries urine from the kidney to bladder

Bladder

stores urine

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body.

Which two processes are used for blood purification?

filtration and reabsorption

Filtration

removes waste from the blood

Reabsorption

water and nutrients are reabsorbed by the blood.

The kidneys filter all of the blood in the body every ___ minutes.

45

True or False? A person can live without one of their kidneys.

true

Puberty

period of time where adolescents reach sexual maturity and are capable of reproduction.

Approximately what age does puberty occur?

Females: 10-14

Males: 12-16

Explain how the onset of puberty begins.

the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

What is the primary function of the male reproductive system?

produce sperm

Seminiferous tubules

hundred of tiny tubes where the sperm are produced.

Epididymis

where the sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation

What is the primary reproductive organ in a female?

ovaries

What are the primary functions of the female reproductive system?

produce mature eggs every 28 days and prepare the body for pregnancy.

About how many eggs are released in a females body in her life?

400

Ovulation

the process in which an egg or eggs are released from one or both ovaries

Fallopian tubes

have cilia that sweep eggs into the uterus and there the sperm find the egg for conception.

Uterus

where the fertilized egg implants and grows and develops for 40 weeks.

Placenta

develops in uterus during pregnancy and allows for mom’s blood vessels and fetal blood vessels to be close together for transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen, nutrients and waste between mother and baby.

What is the function of the nervous system?

collects sensory input and conducts impusles around body so body can respond to external and internal environmental changes.

What are the cells that transmit impulses within the nervous system called?

neurons

What does the central nervous system consist of?

the brain and spinal cord

What are the layers that surround the brain called?

meninges

Cerebrospinal spinal fluid

bathes the brain and spinal cord and acts as a “shock absorber”.

Cerebrum

largest part of brain; involved in thinking, logic, learning, judgement, intelligence, emotions, conscious though and conscious movement.

Cerebellum

Coordination of muscle movements such as posture and balance.

Medulla oblongata

part of the brain stem; regulates INVOLUNTARY survival functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, digestion, vomiting, swallowing, defecation and blinking.

Auricles

external, earlike flaps composed of muscle from the atria.

Meconium

amniotic fluid that the fetal pig has swallowed

Mesenter

The mesentery attaches the intestines to the abdomen and contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. It keeps the intestines in place and allows them to move during digestion.