ch 5-2 Bone formation and fractures

What is the process of bone formation called?

Ossification or osteogenesis

What are the two types of bone formation in the human body?

Intramembranous and endochondral

Where does bone growth occur in length?

At the epiphyseal plates

What is the term for bone growth in diameter?

Appositional growth

What factors affect bone growth?

Vitamins, minerals, and hormones

Which hormones are involved in childhood bone growth?

Human Growth Hormone (HGH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)

What hormones cause growth spurts during puberty?

Sex steroids such as estrogen and androgen

What is bone remodeling?

An ongoing process where osteoclasts carve out tunnels in bone tissue and osteoblasts rebuild it.

What are the purposes of bone remodeling?

To renew bone tissue and redistribute the bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress.

What is a fracture?

Any break in a bone.

What are the two main categories of fractures based on skin involvement?

Open (compound) and closed (simple)

What characterizes a comminuted fracture?

The bone splinters at the site of impact.

What is a greenstick fracture?

A partial fracture where one side of the bone is broken and the other is not.

What is an impacted fracture?

One end of the fractured bone is forced into the interior of another.

What is a stress fracture?

A series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without evidence of injury.

What are the four stages of fracture healing?

1) Hematoma forms, 2) Fibrocartilage callus forms, 3) Bony callus formation, 4) Bone remodeling.

How does bone tissue change from birth to old age?

More bone tissue is formed than destroyed in youth; more is destroyed than formed in old age.

What is demineralization in the context of aging bones?

The loss of minerals from bone tissue, leading to brittleness.

Which gender is more affected by osteoporosis?

Women

What condition can cause spinal deformation in older adults?

Osteoporosis

aspects fractures are named for

severity, shape or position of fracture line, physician who first described them