Previous Anatomy Exam Questions and Answers

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always ...

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Which group of cells act to directly make physiological changes that are part of negative feedback:

effectors

Which is true of Ca++

it is an ion

Active transport

requires ATP

Which of the following is NOT consistent with active transport

it seeks equilibrium of transported substance

Certain cells in the liver ingest bacteria and debris from damaged cells by a process called

phagocytosis

All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT

phagocytosis

What transport process requires a carrier molecule but does not use cellular energy

facilitated diffusion

The movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of less concentration is called

diffusion

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient is called

active transport

Ribosomes are organelles responsible for

protein synthesis

Cells that lack ribosomes cannot

engage in protein synthesis

Which of the following is not true about chemical bonds

polar bonds may involve equal or unequal sharing of electrons

Microvilli

increase the surface area of the cell

Which of the following organelles may or may not have ribosomes attached

endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following activities would not represent a physiological study

comparing heart mass/body size in athletes vs non-athletes

A visual inspection of the appearance of the liver on the cadaver is associated with which of the

gross anatomy

Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines

histology

An investigator who looks at what structures hold adjacent cells together is most likely to be a(n)

cytologist

The study of tissues is

histology

Which of the following organ systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

cardiovascular

What organ system is the location of blood cell production

skeletal

What system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance

urinary

Which of the following organic groups does lactose belong to

carbohydrate

ATP

serves as the energy currency of the cell

Arrange the following from largest to smallest
(1) nucleus (2) an enzyme (3) skin cell (4) chicken eggs

4, 3, 1, 2

What protein structure results from folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids

secondary structures

What type of covalent bond is formed between adjacent amino acid molecules during protein synthesis

peptide bondW

Which of the following is the correct sequence from largest to smallest

cell, protein, amino acid, atom

Starch is the

Storage carbohydrate in plants

Consider the following five terms which term does not belong with the other four terms
disaccharide, sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose

glucoseW

Which of the following factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions

all of these factors will influence the rate of chemical reactions

A neutral atom will become a cation if it

loses electrons

When we shiver when cold, the cells in the skin that noticed the lower temperature would be

receptor cells

Plasma membrane phosophlipids

have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

In which part of a neuron is the postsynaptic membrane usually found

denrite

A myelin sheath is composed primarily of

lipids

What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment

excitability

If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited

secretion

Which method provides the most rapid cell-to-cell communication

firing of neurons

Which is not a function of glial cells

bind neurons into nervous tissue

The _____ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine

autonomic motor

The _____ division tends to prepare the body for action

sympathetic

Which of the following are effectors

glands

Some _____ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas _____ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system

afferent; efferent

About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are _____ neurons

inter-

Cells that support the neurosomas in the ganglia of the PNS are

satellite cells

A synapse is found

it is found in all of the places in A, B, and C

Spinal nerves may contain

parasympathetic (efferent) neurons

The central nervous system includes the

spinal cord

Which type of neuron fires action potentials toward the central nervous system

sensory and afferent

The central nervous system

is the site for processing information

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the

presynaptic terminal

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)

sensory or afferent neuron

Which of the following statements regarding neuroglia is false

Neuroglia produce action potentials for skeletal muscles

If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut

nerves

A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potentials from tone neuron to another is called a(n)

interneuron

In using the scientific method, which step must precede the formulation of a hypothesis

observation

Consider the following condition: pupils dilated, digestive motility decreased, salivary gland activity decreased. Which of the following scenarios matches this condition of the person involved

A motorist just avoided running over a small child playing in the road

Which of the following is a sympathetic effect

increased heart rate

The two classes of adrenergic receptors are

alpha and beta

The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have

nicotinic receptorsC

Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utualizes

two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors

Muscles and glands that are capable of producing a response when simulated by motor neurons are called

effectors

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous systems

interneuron

The ventral root of the spinal nerve contains

only motor fibers

A junction between two somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell is called

a synapse

A syncytium refers to

a group of cells who contract together

Which is not true of action potentials

all of the above are true of actions potentials

A nerve plexus is

a group of interbranching spinal nerve branches

Which of the following steps to muscle contraction occurs before the contraction phase of a muscle twitch

sarcolemma and T-tubules depolarize and somatic motor neurons release ACh

Before a muscle cell can relax, Ca++ moves back into the _____, through active transport

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is NOT part of the synapse

repolarization synapseW

Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscle tissue

dilation/constriction of pupils

At which point of a muscle twitch does cross-bridge formation occur

at the end of the lag phase

Myofilaments are bundles together into an orderly unit/group called

myofibrils

In a contracted muscle what disappears or is minimized on the sarcomere compared to the resting state

both H zone and I bands

What process releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft

exocytosis

According to the sliding filament model, during contraction, actin and myosin

do not change length

Which term describes the lowest voltage that can give you the greatest strength of muscle contractions

maximal stimulus

What is the function of the acetylcholinesterase

prevents accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft

Which of the following does not describe the endocrine system

produces hormones in large quantities to travel the circulatory system and act on target tissues

All of the muscle fibers that are innervated by a single nerve fiber make up a

motor unit

Skeletal muscle constitutes about _____ of the body's weight

40%

Where would you NOT find smoothe muscle tissue

blood vessels, the heart, glands, and skin = all of these contain some smooth muscle

What breaks down acetylcholine

acetylcholinesterase

In using the scientific method, which step must precede the formulation of a hypothesis

observation

The half-life of a hormone allows one to determine

the rate at which hormones' are eliminated from the body

What do all hormones have in common

They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cellW

What is it about a cell that identifies it as a target cell for a hormone

the presence of a receptor specific for that hormone

In general, the response of target cells to endocrine stimulation is _____ than their response to nervous stimulation

slower and more prolongedA

muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the _____ level

threshold

Which of the following statements regarding the sliding filament model is false

Both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction

The length of the resting sarcomere is

longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere

The model that describes the contraction of the muscle is called the

sliding filament model

Too much acetylcholinesterase causes

rapid degradation of acetylcholine

Which of the following events occurs on the postsynaptic membrane

neurotransmitter combines with a receptor molecule

T tubules

conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium ions

Arrange the following list of biochemical events in the correct sequence

1) an action potential is conducted deep into the muscle fiber by the T tubule
2) calcium ions bind to troponin
3) the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum become more permeable to calcium ions
4) calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm around the myofibril
5) the troponin-tropomyosin complex moves exposing active sites

1, 3, 4, 2, 5