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Anima
female component of the male psyche
Animus
male component of the female psyche
Archetype
inherited predisposition to responds emotionally to certain aspects of the world. All of these taken together make up the collective unconscious. penetrate through dreams, art, symptoms anima/animus, persona, shadow, self
Attitudes
general orientations of the psyche when relating to the world. The two basic attitudes are introversion and extroversion
Causality
belief that a person's personality can be explained in terms of past experiences
Childhood
stage of development that lasts from birth to adolescence during which time libidinal energy is invested in learning the basic skills necessary for survival and sexual activities
Collective Unconscious
collection of inherited predispositions that humans have to respond to certain events. These predispositions come from the universal experiences humans have had throughout their evolutionary past.
Complex
organized groups of thoughts, feelings, or memories about a certain person or object. exist in the personal unconscious.
Creative Illness
according to Ellenberger, a period of intense preoccupation with a search for a particular truth. This search is usually accompanied by depression, psychosomatic ailments, neuroses, and perhaps psychotic episodes.
Extroversion
tendency to be externally oriented, confident, outgoing, and gregarious
Feeling
function of thought that determines whether an object or event is valued positively or negatively pleasure, pain, sorrow, love
Functions of Thought
determines how a person perceives the world and deals with information and experience. The four functions of thought are sensing, thinking, felling, and intuiting.
Individuation
process whereby a person comes to recognize the various components of his or her psyche and gives them expression within the context of his or her life. A process that is prerequisite to approximating self-realization
Inflation of the Persona
condition that exists when one's persona is too highly valued
Introversion
Tendency to be internally oriented, quiet, subjective, and nonsocial
Intuiting
function of thought that makes hunches about objects or events when factual information is not available.
Irrational Functions
Jung referred to sensing and intuiting as these because they do not involve logical thought processess
Libido
According to Jung, the general life of energy that can be directed to any problem that arises, be it biological or spiritual.
Mandala
Sanskrit word for circle. It is a symbol of wholeness, completeness, and perfection; that is, it symbolizes the self
Middle Age
Stage of development that lasts from about forty to the later years of life during which time libidinal energy is invested in philosophical and spiritual pursuits. This stage is the most important.
Persona
superficial aspect of the psyche that a person displays publicly. It includes the various roles one must play to function in society
Personal Unconscious
consists of material from one's lifetime that was once conscious and then repressed or material that was not vivid enough to make an initial conscious impression. recall
Principle of Entropy
second law of thermodynamics that states a constant tendency exists toward equalizing energy
Principle of Equivalence
first law of thermodynamics that states the amount of energy in a system is fixed and, therefore if some of it is removed from one part of the system, it must show up in another part.
Principle of Opposites
contention that each component of the psyche has an opposite
Psyche
term that Jung equated with personality
Rational Functions
Jung referred to thinking and feeling as these because they involve making judgments and evaluations about experiences
Self
state of the psyche if the individuation process has been completely successful. when the various components of the psyche are harmonized, the self becomes the center of all the various opposing psychic forces. the emerge of the self, coming into selfhood, and self-realization were synonymously by Jung
Self-Realization
states of balance and harmony that is reached when the various components of the psyche are recognized and given expression
Sensing
function of thought that detects the presence of objects
Shadow
deepest part of the collective unconscious that contains all the animalistic urges that characterized our prehuman existence.
Synchrionicity
meaningful coincidence. when two independent events come together in a meaningful way
Teleology
belief that a person's anticipations of the future must be considered if that a person's personality is to be completely understood
Thinking
function of thought that names an object,
Value
those components of the personality that have an abundance of libidinal energy invested in them are valued more than components with less energy invested in them.
Word-Association Test
research technique that Jung used to explore the complexes within the personal unconscious. It consisted of reading 100 words one at a time and having a person respond as quickly as possible with a word of his or her own.
Young Adulthood
stage of development that lasts from adolescence to about forty. During this time, libidinal energy is invested in learning a vocation, getting married, raising children, and participating in community life.
Horney
1885-1952 -born in Germany -Father: strict, religious; mother: spirited, freethinking (they didn't get along) -felt rejected by parents (called her homely and unintelligent) -envied brother because he was male (wanted affection) -search for love vs. career -depression in adulthood -relationship with Erich Fromm -began Freudian psychoanalysis -turned to self analysis -founded psychoanalytic associations
safety need
need security and freedom from fear -need to know parents love them and will take care of them -normal if they get security and freedom from fear; if they don't get these, not normal -every child has one -children can endure a lot (even abuse) if they have their ____ met
infant helplessness
-can lead to repression and hostility -arises from parental behaviors (EX: lack of warmth and affection, guilt)
hostility
How is ____ repressed in children?
children can be kept in dependent state→ maintain ____ bc feel they need you
parents that are too punishing→ become afraid parents will hurt them
fake warmth/affection can lead to ____→ kids are smart but don't want to lose even fake warmth/affection
basic anxiety
-persuasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness -foundation of neurosis -responsibility always falls on parent's behaviors
self-protective mechanisms
securing affection and love
being submissive
attaining power
withdrawing -arent bad if used in a transient way -problems occur when you focus only on 1 -1,2, and 3 involve other people -Horney thinks _____ are more important than sex and other physiological needs
securing affection and love
(of self-protective mechanisms) if you love me, you want hurt me
being submissive
(of self-protective mechanisms) if I do what you want, you won't hurt me
attaining power
(of self-protective mechanisms) if I have the power, you cannot hurt me; in charge
withdrawing
(of self-protective mechanisms) I don't need anyone; if I'm not involved with other people, they can't hurt me
neurotic needs
-overused self-protective mechanisms -ten irrational defenses against anxiety→ fall into 3 neurotic trends
neurotic trends
-expression of needs -3 categories of behavior and attitudes
compliant personality
(movement toward people)
affection and approval
dominant partner
aggressive personality
(movement against people)
power
exploitation
prestige
admiration
achievement
detached personality
(movement away from people)
self-sufficiency
perfection
narrow limits to life
compliant personality
(of neurotic trends) -moving toward people -subordinate personal desires -fear rejection -put desires of others above yourself; want approval, affection -appear or act incompetent when they really aren't, want you to take care of them; appear weak and helpless→ need protection -driven by insecurity, anxiety, and hostility -goal is to make them find you attractive
aggressive personality
(of neurotic trends) -moving against people -maintains superiority and power -driven by insecurity, anxiety, and hostility -highly successful in work -never display fear of rejection -perform at highest level -judge people on "how can you benefit me" -do not appease anyone→ not generally nice
detached personality
(of neurotic trends) -moving away from people -maintains emotional distance and privacy→ want privacy at all cost -sense of superiority→ "i don't need approval, I know I'm better than you" -suppress feelings toward others -avoid or deny constraints (EX: car loan, marriage, tie, tight belt)
conflict
-neurotic trends incompatible -core of neurosis
neurotic person
-one of the three trends is dominant (controls behaviors, anxiety, attitudes) -other need in conflict and go unmet (they're present but to a much lesser degree) -in a normal person, all 3 trends expressed when they need to be
idealized self-image
-idealized picture of oneself -unifies personality
healthy characteristics
(normal person) -realistic appraisal of abilities -flexible and dynamic -reflects growth and self awareness
neurotic characteristics
-unattainable and inflexible ideal -leads to denial of self -tyranny of the shoulds, externalization
tyranny of the shoulds
(of neurotic characteristics) behaving how one thinks they should
externalization
(of neurotic characteristics) projecting conflicts on the outside world -creates anxiety and this is how they deal with it
feminine psychology
-began in 1922 in opposition to Freud -revision of psychoanalysis to encompass womanhood and women's roles
oedipus complex
(of feminine psychology) -not sexual -represents conflict between dependence and hostility
womb envy
(of feminine psychology) envy men feel toward women due to her capacity for motherhood -sublimate this envy into working hard
fight for womanhood
(of feminine psychology) -denial of femininity -women's unconscious wish to be men -feel inferior bc men make them that way -society and culture make women feel inferior -some causes sexual fear→ rooted in childhood
motherhood or career
(of feminine psychology) social and cultural conflict -struggle to choose
questions about human nature
-free will -nurture influence -past and present focus -uniqueness emphasized -growth and flexibility -optimistic
assessment
-modified Freudian techniques -importance of relationship between analyst and patient: focused on relationship; "connective friendliness" -free association, dream analysis
free association
(of assessment) reaction towards analyst explains attitudes toward others -she says you can fake it or not tell the whole story so she only focuses on attitudes
dream analysis
(of assessment) analyzed feelings in the dream -didn't are much about dreams -cared about feelings during dreams
Accusation
form of neurotic aggression that involves blaming other people for one's short-comings and seeking revenge against those people
Aggression
as a safeguarding strategy, aggression can take three forms: deprecation, accusation, and self-accusation
Avoiding type person
person exhibiting the mistaken lifestyle of avoiding the attempt to solve life's problems, thereby escaping possible defeat. such a person lacks adequate social interest.
Birth order
one of the topics adler studied in order to understand personality. he believe that different birth orders created different situations to which children must adjust and that this adjustment may have an influence of personality development.
Compensation
making up for a weakness, such as organ inferieority by emphasizing functions that substitute for the weakness
Creative Self
free element of the personality that allows the person to choose between alternative fictional goals and lifestyles. it is the differential exercise of this creative power than is mainly responsible fr individual differences
Depreciation
neurotic safeguarding strategy whereby one's accomplishments are overvalued and the accomplishments of others are undervalued. form of idealization and solicitude.
Idealization
standards used to judge people are so high that no real person could live up to their expectations
Solicitude
neurotic acts as if other people could not get along with them
Distancing
safeguarding strategy used by neurotics that involves creating barriers between themselves and their problems in life -use of childlike behavior to get attention -neurotic's inability to solve life's problems creates anxiety
Dream Analysis
He believe that the primary purpose of dreams was to create emotions that could be used by dreamers to support their mistaken lifestyles. Dreams, then, were analyzed to learn about the lifestyles of dreamers.
Excuses
safeguarding strategy whereby neurotics use their sympotoms as excuses for their shortcomings
Feelings of Inferiority
feelings that one has of being inferior, whether or not these feelings are justified by real circumstances. Such feelings, can lead either to positive accomplishments or to an inferiority complex
Fictional finalism
(guiding self ideal and guiding fiction) fictional future goal that one aspires. this goal is the end to which the person is aspiring, and his or her lifestyle is the means to that end
FIrst-born child
the child is the focus of attention until the birth of a sibling "dethrones" him. The loss felt by this child when the second child is born often creates bitterness that causes problems later in life. This is the most troublesome birth position
First memories
a person's earliest recollections. provide a basis for a person's worldview, fictional final goal, and lifestyle. as one's personality changes, so does the first memories
Fraternal Birth Order Effect
the more older, biologically related brothers a ale child has, the more likely he is to be homosexual
Fundamental Fact of Life
People aspire to become superior or perfect. Healthy persons aspire toward social rather than individual perfection
Getting-leaning type person
person exhibiting the mistaken lifestyle that expects everything to be given to him or her by others. lack adequate social interest
Individual Psychology
Adler's theory. each person is an integrated whole striving to attain future goals and attempting to find meaning in life while working harmoniously with others
Inferieority Complex
psychological condition that exists when a person is overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority to the point at which nothing can be accomplished.
Lifestyle
the primary means by which one attempts to attain his or her self-created or fictional goals in life
Masculine Protest
attempting to become more powerful by being more masculine. both men and women do this.
Mistaken Lifestyle
any lifestyle that is not aimed at socially useful goals. Any lifestyle that minimizes social interest
Neglecting
condition that causes the child to feel worthless and angry and to be distrustful to everyone
Only Child
sweet, affectionate, and charming in order to appeal to others.
Organ inferiority
condition that exists when one organ does not develop normally. can stimulate compensation or over compensation, which is healthy or can result in inferiority complex, which is unhealthy
Overcompensation
process by which, through effort, a previous weakness is converted into a strength. an example is when a frail child works hard to become an athlete
Physical inferiority
actual physical weakness