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Fort Sumter
First battle of the Civil War, April 1861.
Anaconda Plan
Union strategy to blockade and squeeze Confederacy.
Border States
Slave states that remained loyal to the Union.
George McClellan
Union general known for cautious tactics.
Robert E. Lee
Confederate general, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
Copperheads
Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War.
Ironclads
Warships covered with iron armor, used in naval battles.
Emancipation Proclamation
1863 order freeing slaves in Confederate states.
Battle of Antietam
Bloodiest single-day battle in American history.
Battle of Gettysburg
Turning point battle, July 1863, Union victory.
Battle of Vicksburg
Union victory that split the Confederacy in two.
Draft Riots
Violent protests against conscription in 1863 New York.
Hard War
Union strategy targeting civilian infrastructure to weaken Confederacy.
Sherman's March
Union campaign of total war through Georgia.
Appomattox Court House
Site of Lee's surrender to Grant, April 1865.
Reconstruction
Period of rebuilding the South after the Civil War.
Lincoln's 10 Percent Plan
Proposal for Southern states' reentry into the Union.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery in the United States.
John Wilkes Booth
Assassinated President Lincoln in April 1865.
Black Codes
Laws restricting rights of newly freed African Americans.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Granted citizenship and equal rights to African Americans.
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Divided South into military districts for Reconstruction.
Hiram Revels
First African American U.S. Senator, served in 1870.
Ulysses S. Grant
Union general and 18th President of the United States.
Freedmen's Bureau
Agency assisting freed slaves and poor whites.
Oliver O. Howard
Head of the Freedmen's Bureau, advocate for education.
15th Amendment
Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race.
NWSA
National Woman Suffrage Association, focused on women's voting rights.
New Departure
Strategy by suffragists to gain voting rights.
KKK
White supremacist group formed to oppose Reconstruction.
Enforcement Acts
Laws to protect African Americans' voting rights.
Greenbacks
Paper currency issued during the Civil War.
Sharecropping
System where farmers work land for a share of crops.
Morrill Land Grant
Provided land for establishing colleges in agriculture.
Redeemers
Southern Democrats who sought to regain control post-Reconstruction.
Depression of 1873
Economic downturn that affected the U.S. and Europe.
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction in exchange for resolving the 1876 election.
Homestead Act
1862 law granting land to settlers in the West.
Dakota War
Conflict between Dakota Sioux and settlers in 1862.
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
Agreement between U.S. and Native tribes for land.
Sand Creek Massacre
Attack on Cheyenne camp by U.S. troops in 1864.
Chief Joseph
Leader of the Nez Perce during their resistance.
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad connecting the East and West coasts.
Pacific Railroad Act
1862 law promoting the construction of the railroad.
Dawes Act
1887 law aimed at assimilating Native Americans.
Ghost Dance
Spiritual movement among Native Americans in the late 1800s.
Wounded Knee
Site of the last major conflict between U.S. troops and Native Americans.
William 'Buffalo Bill' Cody
Famous showman and bison hunter of the American West.
Annie Oakley
Famous sharpshooter and performer in Buffalo Bill's Wild West.
Frontier (Turner) Thesis
Argument that American democracy was shaped by the frontier experience.
