Period 8 Part 1

Baby boom

30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950.

a temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War II.

Suburban growth

people moved to the suburbs, more highways, more cars with radios

Levittown

New York suburb where postwar builders pioneered the techniques of mass home construction. Copied across the country. Beginning of the suburbs

Committee on Civil Rights

establised by Truman in 1946; used powers of presidential office to challenge racial discrimination

Racial integration of the military

Issued as an executive order by Truman, but it was not implemented until the Korean War. Civil Rights proposal not blocked by southern congressmen. Beginning of desegregation

22nd amendment

Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.

Dixiecrats

conservative Democrats who abandoned the national Democratic Party in the 1948 presidential election

nickname for the members of the States' Rights Democratic Party

Committed to states rights

Ran Strom Thurmond against Truman

J. Strom Thurmond

South Carolinian who was the presidential candidate of the States' Rights (Dixicrat) party in 1948.

Thomas Dewey

The Republican candidate for President in 1948 that nearly defeated Truman

Fair Deal

President Truman's program to expand New Deal reforms

Cold war

the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II. Communism vs. Democracy. No actual shots were fired between the US and the Soviets

UN Security Council

A 15-member panel which bears the UN's major responsibility for keeping international peace. Arena in which the US and USSR compete during the Cold War

Communist Satellites

nations effectively run by USSR , used as "buffer states"

Occupation zones

France, GB, U.S. and SU controlled these parts of Germany/Berlin post-WWII. Soviets controlled the East and the US ended up controlling the West.

Iron Curtain

Division between Eastern and Western Europe during the Cold War

The term popularized by Churchill describing the Eastern Bloc nation's division from Western Europe

George Kennan

American diplomat who stressed the need to contain communism within its current borders. Credited with the containment policy

Dean Acheson

2nd term (for Truman) Secretary of State. Had a "defense perimeter speech" for the Korean War

promoted the Marshall Plan and helped establish NATO

Containment policy

A policy in which prevented the spread of communism.

American policy of resisting further expansion of Soviet communism around the world

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

to help them rebuild after World War II

Berlin Airlift

program in which U.S. and British pilots flew supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a group of 28 countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of attack; founded in 1949

Defensive military alliance formed by ten Western European countries, the US and Canada

Nuclear Arms Race

Cold War competition between U.S. and Soviet Union to develop the most advanced nuclear weapons

Korean War

1950-1953

a war between North and South Korea

ended in a stalemate at the 38th parallel

38th parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

UN Police action

Loyalty Review Board

1947 - investigated 3 million federal employees in fear of communism / spies

McCarran Internal Security Act

required all Comm groups to register w/ gov't

Truman

1950

illegal to contribute to Communism

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

HUAC

established in 1938 to investigate disloyalty in the US

Hollywood blacklists

Alger Hiss

Accused of spying for the Soviet Union

state department official. was accused and convicted of giving secret government documents to the Soviets

Rosenberg Case

1950

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New York convicted of being Russian/Communist spies and executed for passing nuclear weapon secrets to the Soviets

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism

the name critics gave to Joseph McCarthy's tactic of spreading fear and making baseless charges

Wave of anticommunist fear and persecution that took place in the United States in the 1950s.

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's anti communist Secretary of State

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

The practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression.

Massive retaliation

Policy of threatening to use massive force in response to aggression

Instant nuclear attack

Eisenhower

Iranian overthrow

CIA Operation Ajax that removes Mossadegh and replaced him with the Shah

Korean armistice

July 27th, 1953 - divided Korea into two nations at the 38th parallel

Indochina

a French colony comprised of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; it won independence from France in 1954

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Geneva Conference

A 1954 conference that divided Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel

International meeting in Switzerland to restore peace in Indochina

Domino theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

State of Israel

Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean

country created in 1948 by the United Nations as a home to the Jewish people of the world

Suez Canal Crisis

1956

Eisenhower

Egypt would accept aid from the Soviet Union to defend itself

Eisenhower Doctrine

1957

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

OPEC

an international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil

cut off oil to the US for supporting Israel

Open skies

allowed US and society's to freely fly over each other

Nikita Khrushchev

Aggressive Soviet leader whose failed gamble of putting missiles in Cuba cost him his job

Warsaw pact

1955

A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European satellite countries

Sputnik

October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

U-2 Incident

the downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960

Earl Warren

Controversial jurist who led the Supreme Court into previously off-limits social and racial issues. Activist. Chief Justice in Brown v. Board of Ed case.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 protest action to end segregation on buses in Montgomery, Alabama. Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks

Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960

Outlawed racial discrimination in public facilities and unemployment

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Formed and led by Martin Luther King Jr.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

1960. Frustrated with what they felt was the slow pace of change, students formed this organization to move desegregation faster.

Beatniks

a United States youth subculture of the 1950s

People criticizing the American society as apathetic and conformist