ANTH 203, Cocaine, Latin America, War on Drugs, Opiates

what are the histocial indigenous uses of coca?

• medical

  • overcome hunger, fatigue, thirst

  • against altitude sickness (peru)

  • anaesthetic for childbirth

  • heal broken bones (high calcium content)

  • stop bleeding (contricts blood vessels

• ritual

  • consumed in religious rituals, social bonds

  • coca chewing and taking tea together

  • symbol of indigenous identity

Who invented cocaine?

Albert Niemann isolated active ingredient

coca wine was introduced

What was thw 1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act?

• law that regulated and taxed production, importation, and distribution of opiates and coca products

• precded by racialized scare campaign abt black men, cocaine and white women

  • cocain would make black men rape white women

What was 1919 Webb. Vs. US?

• doctors were arrested and delicensed for prescribing as cure for addiction

1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic drugs

• banned all but “medical and scientific use” drugs

• amended by Bolivia and Peru 1988 to exempt tradiitonal coca use

Where is most (90%) coca grown in?

• colombia

• bolivia

• peru

What are some enviormental costs of production of cocaine

• deforestation and biodiveristy impacts

• unregulated pesticides

• toxic waste

• state use of defoliants

Who gains the most profits from cocaine?

• cocaine dealers to the US

• cartel heads

How was the globalization of cocaine

• supply chain connects Andean peasants and US consumers

  • coca paste goes out

  • money and chemicals come in

• division of labor in countryside

  • coca growers

  • mixers and helpers

  • runners/ “burros”

• transnational smugglers

  • Colochos

  • pilots

  • money launderers

  • escobar

^{How do you use cocaine?}

• powder

  • snort

  • eat

  • inject

  • rub on

• freebase

  • smoke the vapours

• crack (cocaine and baking soda)

  • smoke

  • fastest high

What can powder be cut with?

• epsom salts

• talcum powder

• cornstarch

• chalk

• detergent

• levamisole

  • drug to rid animals of parasitic worms

what are some effects of cocaine?

• euphoria (inhibits dopamine reuptake)

• energy, focus

• intense, quick high

• desire to avoid crash

• not as addictive as alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

crack cocaine

• made with baking soda

• cheaper than powder cocaine

• smoked, reaches brain in 8 secs

• increased heart rate, blood pressure, euphoria

• crack lip

• boosts dopamine for 5-15 minutes

Who is Alisse Waterson and what did she critique

• critiques venkatrsh’s gang leader for a day

• venkatesth erases others whove studied urban poor

• exoticizes

• doesnt look at causes of poverty outside ghetto

• exaggerates memory

Who is Keith Humphreys and what were his cautions?

• professor who researched addictioin

• cigarettes being legal, #1 killer

• legalization does not get people into treatment

• cannabis stores make most money from addicts, where elite making money off addicting the poor

What is the canadian drug scheduling

• schedule 1: heroin, cocaine, opium fentanyl, morphine, methamphetamine

• schedule 2: cannabis

• schedule 3: LSD and magic mushrooms

• schedule 4: barbituates, diazepam, benzodiazepine

• schedule 5: repealed

• schedule 6: class A precursors

• schedule 7: specifies 3 kilograms as an amount of cannabis that triggers higher penalities

• schedule 8: specifies 1 gram of cannabis resin or 30g of cannabis as amounts that can attract lesser penalities

What are some facotrs underlying mass incarceration in US?

• mandatory minimum sentences

• three strikes laws

• paid or coerced witnesses

• coercive plea bargains

• inadequate legal representation for poor

• judges authority → prosecutors

What are some key practices allowed by courts?

• mandatory drug testing

• stop and frisk based onintuition

• search warrants based on anon informants (sometimes paid)

• sweeps

• expanded wiretapping

• drug sniffing dogs without warrants

• incentives provided by asset forfeiture laws

what is Civil forfeiture?

a legal process that allows the government to seize property and assets from people suspected of committing a crime

What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders? FASD

• umbrella term describing the effects that can occur in an individual prenatally exposed to alcohol

History of Alcohol and pregnancy

pre 20th century

• first clear recognition of alcs harm occured during the 18th century london gin epidemic

19th - mid 20th century

• william silliivan research showed high infant mortality rates among children of alcoholic mothers

• after prohibition ended → shifted attitudes and skepticism about alcohol’s harm to fetuses resurface

• 1960: medical acceptance of alcohol safety in pregnancy peaked

1970s-2000s

• french pediatrician Paul Lemoine and American researchers Jones and Smith published findings linking alcohol to FAS

• public awareness further solidified association bt. alcohol use and fetal harm

What do we know now about drug use and pregnancy

• any amount mof drug use, illegal or legal can have detrimental effects on the fetus.

• effects can be visible after childbirth

who invented the syringe?

1853: Alexander Wood

what are opiates?

• active ingredients exist in nature

• derived by plants (poppies)

  • opium

  • morphine

  • codeine

semi-synthetic opioids

• hydrocone (vicodin

• oxycontin

• oxycodone (percocet)

• heroin

• dilaudid

• tramadol

• vicodin

• buprenorphine

synthetic opioids

• fentanyl

• methadone

• demerol

• darvocet

what are the ways of administration of opioids in order of quickest to slowest onset?

• smoking (7-10 seconds)

• intravenous injection (10-20 sec)

• intramuscular injection (5-8 miniutes)

• oral ingestion (30-45 minutes)

• transdermal patch (up to 16 hours)

what are some withrawal symptoms of opioid consumption?

• vomiting

• sweating

• chills

• diarrhea

• cramps

• depression

• withdrawal not lethal

what is methadone?

• developed in germany during WW2

• synthetic, not derived from opium

• kills pain

• blocks heroin at recptor

• better absorbed

• slower acting

• longer lasting

• little to no euphoria

• used to maintain addicts

what is naloxone

• medicine used to rapidally reverse opioid overdose

what is death associated with (drug related)0

• mixing alcohol and barbiturates

  • depressants slow heart rate down

• opiates cut with fentanyl

• surprise of purer dose

• going back to same dose after absstinence

what is suboxone/bupenorphin?

• combination of buprenorphine and naloxone

• work to decrease severity of withdrawal symptoms and reduce dependence on opiods

methadone vs. suboxone

methadone: black ppl most likelye to be given, done at clinic, more addictive

suboxone: used to treat opioid addiction, still an opioid, can be used without doctors supervision, used at home, interacts with other substances poorly, tooth decay

what is tusi/pink cocaine?

• largely ketamin, MDMA< sometimes fentanyl

• hallucinogen

• party drug

what vital sign did the Sacklers invent? (cannot be measured by a machine)

Pain

Who is Curtis Wright?

• FDA official

what is Insite?

• a safe injection site that allows drug users to use safely

• reduces amount of overdoses

• saves many from HIV