ANSC 372 Ch 1-2 Anatomy of Female Repro System

Purposes of animal reproduction include?

Perpetuation of species, Food production, and genetic improvement

Variation is?

Difference in production level of individuals for certain characteristics

Heritability is?

How much of individuals variation is controlled by their genetic makeup

Heritability is also called?

genetic variation

Environmental variation is?

Variation that accounts for differences between total variation and genetic variation

Selection intensity is?

How aggressively culling is done

EPD stands for?

Expected progeny difference

Primary reproductive organ in the female is?

Ovaries

The purpose of the ovaries is?

To produce female gamete and female sex hormones

The 2 hormones produced by the ovaries are?

Estrogen and Progesterone

What does estrogen do?

Causes female to be sexually receptive

Progesterone is?

hormone of pregnancy

Monotocous is?

Normally giving birth to one young each pregnancy

Which species are monotocous?

Cow, mare, ewe and doe

Polytocous means?

Normally giving birth to several young each pregnancy

Which species are polytocous?

Cat, dog, and sow

A cows ovary looks like?

small almond shape near end of the horn

A mare’s ovary is?

located near the paralumbar fossa and is size of a ping-pong ball

A ewe/doe’s ovary is?

Almond shaped

A sow ovary looks like?

cluster of grapes

Werhe is estrogen released from?

graafian follicle

Where is progesterone produced from?

corpus luteum

The 2 portions of the ovary are the?

Medulla and cortex

The medulla of the ovary is?

the inner shell

The cortex of the ovary is?

outer shell where hormone production occurs

The 3 layers of the cortex of the ovary are?

Surface epithelium, tunica albuginea ovarii, and parenchyma

The surface epithelium of cortex is?

outermost layer composed of single layer of cuboidal cells

The tunica albuginea ovarii of the cortex is?

thin middle layer of dense connective tissue

The parenchyma of the cortex is?

functional layer that contains ovarian follicles and cells that produce progesterone and estrogen

The 4 types/stages of ovarian follicles are?

Primary follicle, secondary follicle, tertiary follicle, and graafian follicle

Primary follicles are?

formed before birth and are in continual process of maturation

What happens to a majority of follicles?

They become atretic

Secondary follicles are?

potential ovum surronded by 2 or more layers of granulosa cells

Tertiary follicles are?

follicles that contain an antrum (cavity)

The graafian follicle is?

mature follicle

The theca externa is?

outer, fibrous layer of graafian follicle

The theca interna is?

layer of graafian follicle with granulosa cells

What type of cells surround the antrum (cavity)?

Granulosa cells

The cumulus oophorus is?

mound of granulosa cells located at one side of the antrum of the graafian follicle

The potential ovum rests on what?

Cumulus oophorus

The corona radiata is?

Part of graafian follicle where granulosa cells surround and are in immediate contact with potential ovum

Which two parts of the graafian follicle are involved in production of estrogen?

Theca interna and granulosa cells

How is estrogen produces?

theca interna cells produce androgens which diffuse across basement membrane where converted to estrogen by granulosa cells

In the corpus luteum granulosa cells produce?

progesterone

The 1st step of ovulation is?

follicle ruptures and oocyte is expelled near opening of oviduct

The 2nd step of ovulation is?

blood clot forms where follicle ruptured

The blood clot that forms where follicle ruptured is called?

Corpus hemorrhagicum

The 3rd step of ovulation is?

The corpus luteum replaces the corpus hemorrhagicum

The corpus luteum is?

spot of graafian follicle that produces progesterone and will continue to grow for 15 days and will regress if animal is not pregnant

The 4th step of ovulation is?

corpus albicans appears where corpus luteum was

The corpus albicans is?

small remnant of corpus luteum that appears as small white scar on surface of ovary

Oviducts are also called?

fallopian tubes

The oviducts are?

torturous tubes that connect ovaries to uterus

The functions of the oviducts are?

Transport ova and sperm in opposite direction, site of fertilization, and site of early embryo development

The infundibulum fimbria of the oviduct is?

funnel shaped opening used to catch ovum after ovulation

The ampulla of the oviduct is?

mucosal folds containing cilia to aid movement of ovum

The ampullary-isthmic junction is?

Location where fertilization occurs

The isthmus of the oviduct is?

part involved with sperm transport and filtering of dead sperm

Uterotubal junction is?

junction of isthmus and uterus

the 3 layers of the oviducts are the?

tunica serosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica mucosa

The tunica serosa is?

outer layer of connective tissue

The tunica muscularis is?

middle layer of smooth muscle

the tunica mucosa is?

inner layer that is ciliated and has secretory epithelial cells

The functions of the uterus are?

holding space for embryo/fetus, nourishment of embryo/fetus, and expulsion of fetus

Bicornuate uterus is?

small uterine body with long uterine horns

Which species have bicornuate uterus with moderately developed horns?

cow, doe and ewe

Which species have bicornuate uterus with highly developed horns?

sow, cat, and dog

A bipartite uterus is?

large uterine body with shorter uterine horns

Which species has bipartite uterus?

mare

A duplex uterus is?

Uterus with two horns and two cervical canals

Duplex uterus is found in which species?

rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs

Why would species like rats and rabbits have a duplex uterus?

because they are prey animals and parturition is a very vulnerable time for them having fast births is beneficial

A simple uterus is found in?

humans and primates

The 3 layers of the uterus are?

perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium

The perimetrium is?

Outer layer of uterus

The myometrium is?

Middle layer of uterus composed of smooth muscle

Endometrium is?

Inner layer of uterus that provided mechanism for attachment of extraembryonic membranes

Placentation is?

Union between uterus and extraembryonic membranes

Cotyledonary placental attachment is?

chorionic villi from extraembryonic membrane penetrate into caruncles

Caruncles are?

button line projections on endometrium

cotyledonary placental attachment is found in which species?

cows, does, and ewes

Diffuse placental attachment is?

extraembryonic membrane lay in folds on endometrium with chorionic villi extending in

Which species have diffuse placental attachment?

mare and sow

zonary placental attachment is?

chorionic villi are in an equatorial belt

Which species have zonary placental attachment?

Dog and Cat

Discoidal placental attachment is?

chorionic villi in circular plate

Which species have discoidal placental attachment?

rodents, primates, and humans

Epitheliochorial means?

As many as 6 layer separate maternal and fetal blood after placentation

Which species are epitheliochorial?

sow, mare, cow

Endotheliochorial means?

moderate separation between maternal and fetal blood after placentation

Which species are endotheliochorial?

dogs and cats

Hemochorial means?

little separation between maternal and fetal blood after placentation

Which species are hemochorial?

primates

Is there mixing of fetal and maternal blood in mammalian species?

No

What can not diffuse from maternal to fetal systems in epitheliochorial species?

immunoflobulins

Why is colostrum so important in epitheliochorial species?

Because maternal antibodies can not be transferred by diffusion to fetus, so must ingest it to receive them

The cervix is?

thick walled, inelastic, canal that connects uterus to vagina

What are annular rings?

interlocking ridges of cervix to help seal uterus from contamination

Which species have annular rings?

cow, doe, and ewe

A sow cervix is shaped like?

A corkscrew