Biology 3201 Unit 1 Test 2 Human Development and Reproduction

what are the female and male gonads

testes and ovaries

how many gonads are there

one pair (2)

what is responsible for producing sex hormones

gonads

what are the primary sex characteristics

penis and vagina

what are secondary sex characteristics and some examples

characteristics that come after puberty i.e. muscles and facial hair in men and breasts in women

what hormones do the testes produce

testosterone and inhibin

what hormones do the ovaries produce

estrogen and progestrone

define testes

male reproductive organ that produces sperm and male hormones

define scrotum

pouch of skin that contains the testes and helps to regulate temperature of the testes for optimal sperm production

define seminiferous tube

long, coiled tubes in the testes where sperm are produced

where is sperm produced

seminiferous tubule

define interstitial cells

hormone secreting cells that release testosterone

define epididymis

duct where sperm mature and become motile

define vas (ductus) deferens

storage duct that is connected to the penis. Sperm cells move out of each epididymis through the vas deferens

Where does a vasectomy take place

vas deferens

define penis

male organ for sexual intercourse, it’s primary function is to transfer sperm into the female reproductive system

where is sperm mixed with different fluids to create semen

the vas deferens

***what is the purpose of semen

semen keeps sperm alive inside the female body so it can fertilize the egg as the female body is naturally very unwelcoming to sperm

what three glands produce fluids which make up semen

seminal vesicles, prostate glad, cowper’s gland

define seminal vesicles

secretes mucus-like fluid that contains sugar as energy source for sperm

define prostate gland

secretes an alkaline fluid that increases the PH in the female reproductive tract, aiding in protection for the sperm

define cowpers gland

secretes a mucus-like fluid that aids in lubrication and neutralizing the acidity of any urine in the urethra and allows sperm to travel to the cervix

define semen

the combination of sperm cells and fluid from the three glands

when does semen enter the urethra and get carried through the penis

during ejaculation

briefly describe the journey of sperm throughout the male reproductive tract

testes → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra

define ovaries

female gonads which produce eggs and female hormones

define follicles

structures that develop and mature in the ovaries and are responsible for containing an egg

what portion of the reproductive tract is responsible for containing an egg at the beginning of the 28 day cycle

follicle

define fimbriae

hair cells (cillia), thread like projections that sweep the egg from the ovary to the oviduct (fallopian tube)

Define oviduct/falllopian tube

tube that connects the ovary to the uterus. The oviduct is ciliated which helps move the egg towards the uterus

Where does tubule ligation take place

oviduct/fallopian tube

where does fertilization happen

oviduct/fallopian tube

why does tubule ligation take place in the oviduct

that is where fertilization takes place

define uterus

muscular organ that holds and nourishes a developing fetus

***define implantation

when a fertilized egg, a ball of cells, reaches the endometrial lining and forms a placenta

define endometrium

vascular membrane that lines the wall of the uterus, it supplies nutrients for the fetus. Always changing in thickness

define cervix

muscular tissue that forms the opening of the uterus to the vagina. Dilates in labor

define vagina

tube that leads from the exterior to the uterus and acts as the entrance for n erect penis to deposit sperm. Additionally, it acts as the birthing canal

briefly describe the path of the egg/fetus in the female reproductive tract

ovary → oviduct → uterus → vagina

what two things can cause an STI

viruses and bacteria

what is the best way to prevent an STI

abstinence

what are the only two contraceptive methods that prevent against both pregnancy and STIs

abstinence and condoms

what do hormonal feedback mechanisms control in men

spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics

when does the male hormone feedback begin and decline

begins at puberty and declines at andropause

what are the five hormones controlling the male reproductive system/sperm

GnRH, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Inhibin

where are releasing hormones secreted and where do they affect

secreted by the hypothalamus and affect the pituitary gland

define Gonadotropin releasing hormone

produced by the hypothalamus, acts on the pituitary gland, causing it to release FSH and LH

define follicle stimulating hormone in males

produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the testes to begin producing sperm

define Luteinizing hormone in males

produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the testes to release testosterone

define testosterone

male sex hormone produced by the testes, stimulates the male reproductive tract (sperm) and secondary sex characteristics

define inhibin in males

produced by the testes, acts on the pituitary gland to inhibit fsh production

***what is the connection between Inhibin and FSH in males

FSH and Inhibin have relationship whereby FSH stimulates sperm and Inhibin slows sperm production, therefore counteracting each other

briefly describe the male hormone feedback loop

hypothalamus releases GnHR → pituitary releases FSH and LH→ FSH stimulates sperm and inhibin production, LH stimulates testosterone production → Increased production of inhibin and testosterone tells the hypothalamus and pituitary to decrease production of GnRH, FSH, and LH

What is a negative feedback loop vs a positive feedback loop

negative: always on, has opposite effects

positive: only on for a certain amount of time that the body needs

define hormone regulation of the female reproductive system

hormone feedback mechanisms control the process of oogenesis and they maintain secondary sexual characteristics of women

when does the hormone feedback loop start and end in a female

starts at puberty and ends at menopause

what five hormones control the female reproductive system

GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone

define FSH in women

produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the ovaries to begin follicle maturation (egg production) and the production of female sex hormones

When is a woman most fertile

during ovulation when an egg is released into the fallopian tube which is where fertilization is supposed to take place

define Luteinizing hormone in females

produced by the pituitary gland, triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of females sex hormones

define estrogen

female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, stimulates the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics.

define progesterone

female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, it causes uterine wall thickening

define ovulation

the moment an egg is released by an ovary/when a follicle ruptures

what are the two separate but interconnected cycles of the menstrual cycle

ovarian and uterine cycles

what are the two stages of the ovarian cycle

follicular and luteal stage

describe the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle

begins with an increase of FSH → FSH stimulates a follicle (container where an egg develops and matures) to mature → as the follicle matures, it releases estrogen and progesterone → increased estrogen levels inhibits the release of FSH → additionally, increased estrogen levels stimulates a sharp increase in LH which triggers ovulation

describe the luteal stage of the ovarian cycle

begins after ovulation → increased LH causes the follicle to develop into a corput lutieum → corpus lutieum secretes progesterone and some estrogen for uterine wall preporation → increased progesterone and estrogen inhibit FSH and LH production → the corpus lutieum will disintigrate leading to a gradual decrease in progesterone and estrogen → decrease in a progesterone and estrogen causes an increase in FSH which restarts the cycle (period)

what is the corpus lutieum

the remnant of a follicle after ovulation

describe the uterine cycle

when a new follicle matures and releases estrogen, the endometrial wall begins thickening → after ovulation when the corpus lutieum produces progesterone a more rapid thickening occurs → if fertilization does not occur estrogen and progesterone drop and the endometrium breaks down (menstruation) → if fertilization does occur estrogen and progesterone remain high, which maintains the endometrium for the developing fetus

what happens during the uterine cycle if fertilization does not occur

if fertilization does not occur estrogen and progesterone drop and the endometrium breaks down (menstruation). The myometrium contracts and endometrium sheds

what happens during the uterine cycle if fertilization does occur

if fertilization does occur estrogen and progesterone remain high, which maintains the endometrium for the developing fetus