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what are the female and male gonads
testes and ovaries
how many gonads are there
one pair (2)
what is responsible for producing sex hormones
gonads
what are the primary sex characteristics
penis and vagina
what are secondary sex characteristics and some examples
characteristics that come after puberty i.e. muscles and facial hair in men and breasts in women
what hormones do the testes produce
testosterone and inhibin
what hormones do the ovaries produce
estrogen and progestrone
define testes
male reproductive organ that produces sperm and male hormones
define scrotum
pouch of skin that contains the testes and helps to regulate temperature of the testes for optimal sperm production
define seminiferous tube
long, coiled tubes in the testes where sperm are produced
where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubule
define interstitial cells
hormone secreting cells that release testosterone
define epididymis
duct where sperm mature and become motile
define vas (ductus) deferens
storage duct that is connected to the penis. Sperm cells move out of each epididymis through the vas deferens
Where does a vasectomy take place
vas deferens
define penis
male organ for sexual intercourse, it’s primary function is to transfer sperm into the female reproductive system
where is sperm mixed with different fluids to create semen
the vas deferens
***what is the purpose of semen
semen keeps sperm alive inside the female body so it can fertilize the egg as the female body is naturally very unwelcoming to sperm
what three glands produce fluids which make up semen
seminal vesicles, prostate glad, cowper’s gland
define seminal vesicles
secretes mucus-like fluid that contains sugar as energy source for sperm
define prostate gland
secretes an alkaline fluid that increases the PH in the female reproductive tract, aiding in protection for the sperm
define cowpers gland
secretes a mucus-like fluid that aids in lubrication and neutralizing the acidity of any urine in the urethra and allows sperm to travel to the cervix
define semen
the combination of sperm cells and fluid from the three glands
when does semen enter the urethra and get carried through the penis
during ejaculation
briefly describe the journey of sperm throughout the male reproductive tract
testes → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra
define ovaries
female gonads which produce eggs and female hormones
define follicles
structures that develop and mature in the ovaries and are responsible for containing an egg
what portion of the reproductive tract is responsible for containing an egg at the beginning of the 28 day cycle
follicle
define fimbriae
hair cells (cillia), thread like projections that sweep the egg from the ovary to the oviduct (fallopian tube)
Define oviduct/falllopian tube
tube that connects the ovary to the uterus. The oviduct is ciliated which helps move the egg towards the uterus
Where does tubule ligation take place
oviduct/fallopian tube
where does fertilization happen
oviduct/fallopian tube
why does tubule ligation take place in the oviduct
that is where fertilization takes place
define uterus
muscular organ that holds and nourishes a developing fetus
***define implantation
when a fertilized egg, a ball of cells, reaches the endometrial lining and forms a placenta
define endometrium
vascular membrane that lines the wall of the uterus, it supplies nutrients for the fetus. Always changing in thickness
define cervix
muscular tissue that forms the opening of the uterus to the vagina. Dilates in labor
define vagina
tube that leads from the exterior to the uterus and acts as the entrance for n erect penis to deposit sperm. Additionally, it acts as the birthing canal
briefly describe the path of the egg/fetus in the female reproductive tract
ovary → oviduct → uterus → vagina
what two things can cause an STI
viruses and bacteria
what is the best way to prevent an STI
abstinence
what are the only two contraceptive methods that prevent against both pregnancy and STIs
abstinence and condoms
what do hormonal feedback mechanisms control in men
spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics
when does the male hormone feedback begin and decline
begins at puberty and declines at andropause
what are the five hormones controlling the male reproductive system/sperm
GnRH, FSH, LH, Testosterone, Inhibin
where are releasing hormones secreted and where do they affect
secreted by the hypothalamus and affect the pituitary gland
define Gonadotropin releasing hormone
produced by the hypothalamus, acts on the pituitary gland, causing it to release FSH and LH
define follicle stimulating hormone in males
produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the testes to begin producing sperm
define Luteinizing hormone in males
produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the testes to release testosterone
define testosterone
male sex hormone produced by the testes, stimulates the male reproductive tract (sperm) and secondary sex characteristics
define inhibin in males
produced by the testes, acts on the pituitary gland to inhibit fsh production
***what is the connection between Inhibin and FSH in males
FSH and Inhibin have relationship whereby FSH stimulates sperm and Inhibin slows sperm production, therefore counteracting each other
briefly describe the male hormone feedback loop
hypothalamus releases GnHR → pituitary releases FSH and LH→ FSH stimulates sperm and inhibin production, LH stimulates testosterone production → Increased production of inhibin and testosterone tells the hypothalamus and pituitary to decrease production of GnRH, FSH, and LH
What is a negative feedback loop vs a positive feedback loop
negative: always on, has opposite effects
positive: only on for a certain amount of time that the body needs
define hormone regulation of the female reproductive system
hormone feedback mechanisms control the process of oogenesis and they maintain secondary sexual characteristics of women
when does the hormone feedback loop start and end in a female
starts at puberty and ends at menopause
what five hormones control the female reproductive system
GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
define FSH in women
produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the ovaries to begin follicle maturation (egg production) and the production of female sex hormones
When is a woman most fertile
during ovulation when an egg is released into the fallopian tube which is where fertilization is supposed to take place
define Luteinizing hormone in females
produced by the pituitary gland, triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of females sex hormones
define estrogen
female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, stimulates the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics.
define progesterone
female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, it causes uterine wall thickening
define ovulation
the moment an egg is released by an ovary/when a follicle ruptures
what are the two separate but interconnected cycles of the menstrual cycle
ovarian and uterine cycles
what are the two stages of the ovarian cycle
follicular and luteal stage
describe the follicular stage of the ovarian cycle
begins with an increase of FSH → FSH stimulates a follicle (container where an egg develops and matures) to mature → as the follicle matures, it releases estrogen and progesterone → increased estrogen levels inhibits the release of FSH → additionally, increased estrogen levels stimulates a sharp increase in LH which triggers ovulation
describe the luteal stage of the ovarian cycle
begins after ovulation → increased LH causes the follicle to develop into a corput lutieum → corpus lutieum secretes progesterone and some estrogen for uterine wall preporation → increased progesterone and estrogen inhibit FSH and LH production → the corpus lutieum will disintigrate leading to a gradual decrease in progesterone and estrogen → decrease in a progesterone and estrogen causes an increase in FSH which restarts the cycle (period)
what is the corpus lutieum
the remnant of a follicle after ovulation
describe the uterine cycle
when a new follicle matures and releases estrogen, the endometrial wall begins thickening → after ovulation when the corpus lutieum produces progesterone a more rapid thickening occurs → if fertilization does not occur estrogen and progesterone drop and the endometrium breaks down (menstruation) → if fertilization does occur estrogen and progesterone remain high, which maintains the endometrium for the developing fetus
what happens during the uterine cycle if fertilization does not occur
if fertilization does not occur estrogen and progesterone drop and the endometrium breaks down (menstruation). The myometrium contracts and endometrium sheds
what happens during the uterine cycle if fertilization does occur
if fertilization does occur estrogen and progesterone remain high, which maintains the endometrium for the developing fetus