Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

These flashcards cover key concepts and processes related to cellular respiration and fermentation, designed to help students understand metabolic pathways and their functions.

What is the overall purpose of aerobic cellular respiration?

To convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP, using oxygen. (32-38 atp molecules)

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +energy

why so many small steps of cellular respiration

allows efficient capture of energy (from glucose) to form ATP

what is cellular respiration

catabolism of organic molecules (glucose) releases energy for ATP synthesis inside of cells

What is glycolysis?

located in cytoplasm (outside of mitochondria)

does not require O2

10 step pathway (1st 5- energy investment phase) (last5- energy payoff phase)

IN - 1 glucose / 2 NAD+

OUT - 2 pyruvate / 2 NADH / 2 ATP (net gain)

what are the 4 stages of cellular respiration

1) glycolysis

2) pyruvate oxidation

3) krebs/citric acid cycle

4) oxidative phosphorylation

pyruvate oxidation

mitochondrial matrix

requires O2

IN (for glucose)- 2 pyruvates, 2 NAD+ , 2 CoA (coenzyme A)

OUT (per glucose)- 2 acetyl CoAs , 2 NADH , 2 CO2 (waste)

citric acid / krebs cycle

located in matrix of mitochondria

requires O2

IN (for glucose) - 2 acetyl CoAs, 6 NAD+ , 2 FAD

OUT (per glucose)- 4 CO2 (waste) , 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 , 2 ATP

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

The fourth stage of cellular respiration that includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, producing ATP.

What role does oxygen play in cellular respiration?

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain than reduced to H2O

proton motive force

H+ gradient is referred to as ^

chemiosmosis

protons (H+) diffuse through ATP synthase, powering the bond formation between ADP & P; to synthesize ATP

total ATP production

32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

electron transport chain

final stage of cellular respiration which occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria. main purpose is to produce ATP

NADH & FADH2 donate electrons to ETC which were produced in the first 3 steps

the electrons come glucose molecule which was originally broke down in glycolysis

what occurs in electron transport chain

As electrons pass through the protein complexes of the ETC, energy is released and used to pump protons (H⁺) from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient. This gradient powers ATP synthase, which makes ATP from ADP and Pi. This entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation.

What are the two types of fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

what does ATP synthase do

ATP synthesize creates ATP (combines ADP and a phosphate group)

Powered by the protons (H+) diffusing down the gradient

fermentation

organic electron acceptor (for recycling NAD+)

no O2 needed

incomplete oxidation of glucose

How much ATP is produced through glycolysis per glucose molecule?

A net of 2 ATP is produced.

What is the difference between aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while fermentation occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.

redox reaction

the substance that loses electrons is said to be oxidized, while the substance that gains electrons is reduced

What does ATP synthase do?

ATP synthase combines ADP and a phosphate group to create ATP, powered by the H+ gradient.

fermentation involves 2 major stages

1) glycolysis

2) regeneration of NAD+

glucose —> 2 pyruvates (becomes electron organic acceptor)

pyruvates accept electron from NADH then NADH oxidized back to NAD+

2 ATP produced per glucose

different between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

alcohol - and products are two molecules of ethanol, and two molecules of CO2

latic acid - and products are two molecules of lactic acid