d2.2

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to gene expression and regulation, including mechanisms, factors influencing gene expression, and examples of environmental effects.

What is gene expression?

The process by which genetic information is used to produce RNA and proteins, influencing the phenotype.

How do different structures and functions in somatic cells arise?

Through variations in gene expression, despite all somatic cells being genetically identical.

What are promoters in gene expression?

Non-coding regions of DNA located upstream of a gene, essential for initiating transcription by allowing RNA polymerase to bind.

What role do transcription factors play in gene expression?

They influence gene expression by interacting with promoters, with activators enhancing and repressors blocking RNA polymerase binding.

What are enhancers?

Non-coding DNA regions that regulate gene expression, often located far from the gene they influence, by facilitating RNA polymerase binding.

What is the function of mRNA?

To serve as a template for protein synthesis during the translation process.

What is the difference between the genome, transcriptome, and proteome?

Genome is the complete set of DNA; transcriptome is the complete set of RNA transcripts; proteome is the entire set of proteins synthesized by a cell.

What is DNA methylation?

The addition of a methyl group to DNA, which can repress transcription by preventing transcription factors from binding to the promoter.

How does histone acetylation affect transcription?

Histone acetylation leads to loosely packed DNA (euchromatin), increasing transcription and gene expression.

What is epigenetic inheritance?

The transmission of non-genetic information that influences gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

How does exposure to air pollution affect gene expression?

It can alter DNA methylation patterns of genes involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune response pathways.

What is the effect of lactose on the lac operon?

Lactose binds to the Lac Repressor, allowing RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and activate transcription when lactose is present.

What happens to tryptophan operon when tryptophan is present?

Tryptophan binds to the repressor protein, inhibiting transcription and preventing unnecessary synthesis of tryptophan.

What is the role of oestradiol in gene expression?

Oestradiol binds to receptors, activating them to influence transcription of target genes, affecting various physiological functions.

How do environmental factors impact gene expression?

Environmental changes can lead to phenotypic plasticity by affecting gene expression patterns.

What is phenotypic plasticity?

The ability of cells to adapt their functions without changing their genotype, allowing for diverse structures and functions.