Anatomy and physiology test 1

Define Anatomy

the study of the structure of the body

Define Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Tendons attach what to what?

muscle to bone

Ligaments attach what to what?

bone to bone

What plane divides the body from left to right?

sagittal, midsagittal/Median

What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

transverse (horizontal) plane

What plane divides the body from anterior and posterior

Frontal/coronal plane

What is homeostasis?

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

What are the components of homeostasis

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector

A main example of an effector is

A muscle or gland

Negative feedback puts the body

Closer to the set point

Positive feedback puts the body

Further from the set point

Sweating and shivering are an example of what type of feedback?

Negative

Vasoconstriction will

Helps conserve body heat to inner organs

Vasodilation will

Help get rid of body heat to help cool the body down

Nursing a baby or giving birth is an example of what type of feedback?

Positive

Name the four types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

If all cells are attached to the BM then

They are simple epithelium

What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A lack of ducts and secreting hormones pertains to what kind of gland?

Endocrine

Connected to epithelium by ducts and and secreting onto the surface pertains to what kind of gland?

Exocrine

what do all CT have in common

Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

What type of protein fiber is cable like, strong, flexible,and are widely seen in tendons and ligaments

Collagen

What type of protein fiber is tough but flexible, and abundant in the lymphatic system?

Reticular fibers

What type of protein fiber is wavy, stretch nd coil easily, and is found in the skin, arteries, nd lungs?

Elastic fiber

Why protein fiber is found in the stroma?

Reticular fibers

What are the main components of ground substance?

Residence of CT cells and protein fibers, and water

All forms of CT come from what?

Mesenchymal tissue

What type of CT has more ground substance and has sparse irregularly arranged protein fibers

Loose CT

Where is areolar tissue found?

Between the skin and the muscle

Where is adipose tissue found?

under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

What type of proper CT is mostly protein fibers, and less GS

Dense CT

Where can dense regular connective tissue be found?

tendons and ligaments

Where can dense irregular tissue be found?

Reticular dermis of the skin and part of joint capsules; forms covering around bones and cartilage

Where can elastic connective tissue be found?

walls of many large arteries

Osteocytes and chondrocytes occupy little cavities called

lacunae

The dense irregular CT covering bone and cartilage is called?

Perichondrium/periosteum

What type of cartilage is found at the ens of long bones and has a glassy appearing matrix?

Hyaline

What type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs and the menisci?

Fibro

What type of cartilage is found in the external ear and the epiglottis?

Elastic

What provides blood supply and sensation to bones?

Central/Haversion canals

What are canaliculi?

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Blood is ____ water

99%

What does interstitial fluid do?

bathes the cells of the body and allows for diffusion of waste

Where does interstitial fluid come from?

blood plasma that has been filtered through blood capillary walls

What membrane lines the digestive,respitory, urinry, and reproductive tracts?

Mucus

Why membrane reduces friction between opposing surfaces in the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Serous

What membrane protects our external body surface?

Cutaneous

What membrane lines joints, i]composed of areolr CT and produces fluid to reduce friction?

Synovial

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

Where does the ETC occur?

inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

What is formed from glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP

Where does the intermediate stage take place?

mitochondrial matrix

Why is formed from the intermediate stage?

2 acetyl Coa, 1 CO2, 2 NADH

What is formed from the Krebs cycle after 2 turns?

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Uses energy released by the electron transport chain to power ATP synthesis.

What is chemiosmosis?

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient

What is formed from the ETC?

Heat, Water and 34 ATP

What is gluconeogenesis?

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

do introns or exons contain the genetic information?

exons

What do serous membranes do?

line body cavities and provide a lubricate surface to prevent friction and protect organs.

What is the process that occurs to make amino acids available for glycolysis?

Deamination

The most common lipid that provides long term energy storage is

Triglycerides

What is the formation of triglycerides called?

Lipogenesis

What is the breakdown of triglycerides when nutrients re needed called?

Lipolysis

Glycerol is converted to glucose thru what process?

Gluconeogenesis

What is beta oxidation?

breaking fatty acids down directly to acetyl coA to be used in the citric acid cycle