AP World History: Unit 0 - Summer Work SPICE - T Charts: Europe

Social Interactions and Organization - Social Hierarchy

- Feudalism = land for loyalty.

- King → lords → knights → peasants/serfs.

- Wealth = land, not money.

- Code of chivalry = honor, courtesy, bravery; women idealized but not given rights.

- Middle class (bourgeoisie) grew: merchants, shopkeepers, craftspeople.

Social Interactions and Organization - Gender Roles

- Women had few rights; managed manors when men away.

- Could join religious orders (nuns).

- Some worked as artisans or guild members.

- Rights decreased as society urbanized.

Social Interactions and Organization - Racial and Ethnic Groups

- Jews: valued as merchants/moneylenders → later persecuted & expelled (England 1290, France 1394, Spain 1492).

- Muslims: expelled from Spain in 1492 (Reconquista). Some stayed in SE Europe (Ottomans in Balkans).

Social Interactions and Organization - Family & Kinship Roles

- Serfs tied to land, children born as serfs.

- Nobility maintained estates, younger sons often joined Crusades (primogeniture = oldest son inherited).

Social Interactions and Organization - Norms

- Loyalty & obedience in feudal system.

- Church rules shaped daily life, education, marriage.

- Religious values dominated art, literature, and schooling.

Politics and Governance - Political Organization and leadership

- Feudal monarchies → kings gained power by building bureaucracies & armies.

- France:

Philip II built bureaucracy.

Philip IV created Estates-General (clergy, nobles, commoners → limited power).

- Holy Roman Empire: Lay investiture controversy (resolved 1122, Church gained independence).

- England:

1066 William the Conqueror (Norman invasion).

1215 Magna Carta (limited king's power, rights for nobles).

1265 Parliament → House of Lords + House of Commons.

- Hundred Years' War (1337-1453): England vs France; nationalism grew; longbows & gunpowder used.

- Reconquista: Christians took Spain back from Muslims, finished 1492.

Politics and Governance - Laws

- Magna Carta (1215) → jury trials, limited king's power, taxation with noble consent.

- Feudal contracts = loyalty/land agreements.

Politics and Governance - National Identity

- Hundred Years' War fostered "English" vs "French."

- Growing monarchies → sense of early nations (England, France, Spain).

Politics and Governance - Resistance & Government Response

- Nobles resisted monarchy (Magna Carta).

- Serfs gained bargaining power after Black Death.

Politics and Governance - Military

- Knights under feudalism.

- Longbow (English).

- Gunpowder (from China via Mongols).

- Crusades = campaigns in Holy Land.

Interaction between Humans and the Environment - Demographics

- Population growth after 1000 (better farming, warmer climate).

- 14th c. Black Death killed ~⅓ of Europe.

- Little Ice Age (1300s-1800s) = cooler temps, famine, disease.

Interaction between Humans and the Environment - Migrations and patterns of settlement

- Vikings earlier; Normans to England & Sicily (1066).

- Jews migrated east after expulsions.

- Muslims relocated to Balkans after Spanish expulsions.

Interaction between Humans and the Environment - Urbanization

- Towns grew w/ trade, agriculture surplus.

- Growth slowed by plague & Little Ice Age.

Interaction between Humans and the Environment - Disease

- Black Death = bubonic plague (14th c.) → massive population loss, labor shortages, higher wages for peasants.

Interaction between Humans and the Environment - Natural occurrences outside of human control

- Little Ice Age → famine, unemployment, unrest, scapegoating (esp. Jews).

Cultural Developments and Interactions - Religion/Belief Systems

- Roman Catholic Church = dominant in W. Europe.

- 1054 Great Schism → Catholic (West) vs Orthodox (East).

- Church = unified identity, controlled education & literacy.

- Monasticism: monasteries = farming, charity, centers of learning.

- Corruption in Church → calls for reform (prelude to Protestant Reformation).

- Crusades (1095-1200s): reclaim Holy Land, only 1st successful, led to cultural exchange & trade demand.

Cultural Developments and Interactions - Ideologies/Philosophy

- Scholasticism: attempt to reconcile faith & reason (Peter Abelard, Thomas Aquinas).

- Humanism (Renaissance): focus on individuals, secular ideas, education.

- Writers: Dante (Italian vernacular, Divine Comedy), Chaucer (Middle English, Canterbury Tales).

Cultural Developments and Interactions - Art

- Church = main patron → religious art for illiterate serfs.

- Gothic cathedrals, illuminated manuscripts.

- Renaissance (1300s-1400s) = revival of classical art/lit in Italy & later N. Europe.

Economic Systems - Agriculture

- Three-field system = crop rotation (grains, legumes, fallow).

- Heavy plows + windmills improved productivity.

- Agricultural surplus → population growth (until Black Death).

Economic Systems - Industry

- Guilds (craftspeople & merchants).

- Textiles and artisan production in towns.

Economic Systems - Trade & Commerce

- Growth of long-distance trade (esp. Italian city-states: Venice, Genoa).

- Marco Polo's travels → increased European interest in Asia.

- Jews & Muslims helped connect trade networks.

Economic Systems - Labor Systems

- Serfdom = peasants tied to land.

- After Black Death → labor shortages = more bargaining power for peasants.

- Rise of wage labor in towns.

Technology & Innovation - Tools

- Heavy plow, windmills = farming efficiency.

- Longbow (England).

Technology & Innovation - New ideas/Innovations/Inventions

- Gunpowder weapons (via Mongols from China).

- Universities founded by Church.

- Movable-type printing press (Gutenberg, 1439) → literacy, spread of ideas.

Humanism + vernacular writing.