IB Geography Population Change over Time

population change and demographic transition over time, including natural increase, fertility rate, life expectancy, population structure and dependency ratios(Detailed examples of two or more contrasting countries)

Uganda Birth Rate

1960: 49

2020: 37

UK Birth Rate

1960: 18

1960: 10

Uganda Death Rate

1960: 20

2020: 6

UK Death Rate

1960: 12

2020: 10

Fertility Rate 1960 2020

Uganda: 6.9 - 4.7

UK: 2.7 - 1.6

Life Expectancy

Uganda: 46 - 63

UK: 71 - 80

Population Structure

Uganda: concave triangle to straight-sided triangle

UK: pillar to coffin

Dependency Ratio

Uganda: 93.8 - 91.2

UK: 53-8 - 57

Growth Rate and Doubling Time

Uganda: 3.24%, 21.6 years

UK: 0.323%, 216.7 years

Population Momentum

Uganda: 2.368

UK: 0.81

Uganda: HIV/AIDS

Between 400,000 and 450,000 Ugandans have died of AIDS. AIDS is a disproportionately large issue in Uganda, with a high rate of infection in the 1980s and early 1990s. The rate of people infected was as high as 30% at certain points in the 1990s. This tracks with the drop in life expectancy seen in this period. Uganda is often seen as having an impressive response to the AIDS crisis as a result of close work with UNAIDS and the adoption of a public health campaign to delay sexual debut in young people, reduce number of sexual partners by encouraging ‘faithfulness’, and increase prevalence of condoms and other barrier methods of protection.

Uganda: Malaria

Malaria is Uganda’s leading cause of death, with over 90% of the population at risk. The average economic loss as a result of the disease annually is over $500 million. In 2020 there were an estimated 20.4 million malaria cases and over 30,900 estimated deaths in the country. While transmission rates have decreased as a result of public health efforts, in 2020 Uganda had the 5th highest level of death (3.5%) globally. 

Uganda: Refugees

Uganda has a positive net migration rate. This is mostly due to refugees from surrounding nations such as DRC and South Sudan. In the past, large proportions of Rwandan refugees and asylum-seekers lived in Uganda, having a massive impact on Ugandan politics and politics in Central and East Africa. Uganda is one of the largest refugee-hosting nations globally, with 1,529,904 refugees as of February 2020. 

The Ugandan government is under massive strain from the refugee influx. Uganda is seen as having a model response of refugee inclusion and integration, but UNHCR funding loss has forced cuts in aid to an already neglected refugee situation. Schools and medical centres that serve both refugee and Ugandan communities operate beyond capacity in many areas, and the strain on resources leads to increased violence, poverty, disease, and vulnerability in refugees and Ugandans.

UK: Environment

The UK has made a move towards clean energy, but the average resident produce over 70x more CO2 yearly than the average Ugandan citizen. 64% of greenhouse gas production associated with the UK was produced on foreign soil as a result of outsourcing. Over 1 in 7 species in the UK are at risk of extinction; it is considered severely naturally depleted.