cars and psych

classical conditioning

with repitition neutral stimulus produces a conditioned response

operant conditioning

behavior changes through the use of consequences

modeling

learning by watching others

reinforcement

increases likelihood of behavior

punishment

decreases the likelihood of behavior

semantic coding is _ than acoustic and visual encoding

stronger

sensory and short term memory are

transient and based on neurotransmitter activity

working memory

requires short term memory attention and executive function to manipulate information

types of long term memory

explicit (declarative) and implicit (nondeclarative)

recognition is _ than recall

stronger

retrieval of info is often based on

priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

explicit (declarative) memory

stores facts and stories

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

stores skills and conditioning effects

facts are stored via

semantic networks

long term potentiation

responsible for conversion of short to long term memory and strengthens neuronal connections

functionalism

how components of society fit together

manifest functions

deliberate actions that serve to help a system

latent functions

unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of mani functions

conflict theory

focused on how power differentials are created and how they contribute to social order

symbolic interactionism

study of interaction through language signs and symbols

exchange theory

applies rational choice theory within social groups

social constructionism

explores how individuals and groups decide to agree upon a given social reality

4 ethical tenants

beneficence: pts best interest

nonmalefecience: avoiding risk < reward

pt autonomy

justice: fair

material culture

physical items associated w culture

symbolic culture

includes ideas associated w a culture

cultural lag

material culture changes faster than symbolic

birth rate vs fertility rate

the birth rate measures the number of births per 1,000 people in the total population, while the fertility rate measures the number of births per 1,000 women of reproductive age. 

foundations of comprehension

passage and main idea understanding, what does the passage say about a particular detail, what must be true that the author didn’t say

reasoning within the text

what is the logical relationship between these two ideas from the passage, how well argued is the authors thesis

reasoning beyond the text

how does the principle from the passage apply to a new situation, how does this new info influence the arguments in the passage

ambivalent attachment

inconsistent response to child’s distress causing child to be distressed when caregiver leaves and ambivalent when they return

disorganized attachment

occurs w abusive caretaker and child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver

polygyny

multiple females

polyandry

multiple males

game theory

attempts to explain decision making as if individuals are participating in a game

inclusive fitness

measure of an organisms success within a population

implicit personality theory

people make assumptions based on different types of people, traits, and behavior are related

reliance on central traits

tendency to organize perception based of traits that are important to perceiver

halo effect

judgements of an individual’s character can be impacted on overall view of individual

dispositional attribution

internal

situational attribution

external

cultural relativism

social groups and cultures should be studied on their own terms

ethnocentrism

judges other cultures in comparison to ones own

stereotype threat

concern about confirming a negative stereotype

attribution substitution

occurs when individuals need to make difficult judgements but decide to substitute a simpler solution

fundamental attribution error

bias towards making dispositional attributions over situational in regards to others

correspondent interference theory

describes attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person

CNS

brain and spinal cord, processing center

PNS

nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord

somatic nervous system

voluntary

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight, physical activity

autonomic nervous system

rest and digest

rods

light levels

cones

colors

sensory memory

brief initial storage of sensory info

working memory

a cognitive function that allows people to hold information and manipulate information

bose einstein principle

relates to the concept of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), a state of matter where particles behave as a single quantum entity when cooled to near absolute zero

heisenberg uncertainty principle

you can't know both the exact position and exact momentum (or speed) of a particle at the same time, and the more precisely you know one, the less precisely you know the other

le chateliers

states that when a system at equilibrium experiences stress, the equilibrium will shift to partially counteract the stress and re-establish equilibrium

pauli exclusion principle

no two identical fermions (like electrons) can occupy the exact same quantum state (described by a set of four quantum numbers) within an atom at the same time

boyles law

P is inversely proportional to volume

Capacitance formula

C = (E0 Er A)/ d

doubling wavelength =

halving frequency

energy of a photon

E = hf planks constant multiplies by frequency

spreading activation theory

when a concept is activated in memory, that activation spreads to related concepts, making them more accessible and easier to retrieve

depth of processing

refers to the idea that the way information is processed and encoded significantly impacts how well it's remembered, with deeper, more meaningful processing

serial position effect

better memory of first and last items

visuospatial sketchpad

a working memory component that processes and stores brief visual and spatial information

short and long term memory are

separate systems

james lange

proposes that emotions are caused by interpreting bodily reactions

canon bard

suggests that physical reactions and emotions happen simultaneously and independently in response to external stimuli

schacter singer

emotions arise from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal, meaning we experience an emotion based on both our physical state and how we label it

id freud

primal and unconscious

ego freud

rational and reality oriented

I mead

represents the spontaneous, active, and individualistic part of the self

Me mead

Refers to the socialized aspect of the self, encompassing learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others

oxytocin

social bonding and reproduction, produced in hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary

cortisol

steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys. It plays a crucial role in regulating the body's response to stress

leptin

decrease hunger, secreted by adipose fat cells

variable ratio

reinforces a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to a high and steady rate of responding, and is highly resistant to extinction. 

variable interval

a reinforcement technique that rewards a response after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

working memory

cognitive system that allows you to temporarily hold and manipulate information for immediate use, crucial for tasks like learning, problem-solving, and language comprehension

sensory memory

the very brief initial stage of memory that holds sensory information (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch) for a fraction of a second before it either decays or is transferred to short-term memory

implicit memory

type of long-term memory that operates unconsciously, influencing behavior without intentional recall, like riding a bike or typing

social capital

the value derived from positive connections and relationships between people, encompassing networks, trust, and the mutual benefits they provide

periphery of the retina is

denser in rods

enabtiomers can differ in

smell

allinase

• enzyme, specifically a lyase, that breaks down a specific compound called alliin. 

LFS

isomerase enzyme that converts 1-propenyl sulfenic acid into the volatile compound syn-propanethial S-oxide

what deprotonates first

most acidic group

deign

against ones dignity/condescending

pervasive

prevalent

actor observer bias

cognitive bias where people tend to attribute their own actions to external factors (situational causes) while attributing others' actions to internal factors (dispositional causes)

optimal arousal theory

a psychological concept that suggests people perform best when their arousal level is neither too high nor too low

semantic memory

a type of long-term memory that stores and processes general knowledge and concepts about the world, independent of personal experience

conflict theory

sociological perspective that views society as a system characterized by power dynamics and the inevitable presence of conflict

ethnographic method

qualitative research approaches that involve immersing oneself in a particular community or culture to observe and understand their behaviors and interactions

episodic memory

the ability to recall specific, personally experienced events, including the time and place they occurred

explicit memory

the intentional recollection of newly learned information, including facts and specific events acquired during the study phase