Exam 3 Pearson

ch. 22 & 23

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae?

filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation

increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air

reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air

routing air and food into proper channels

routing air and food into proper channels        

just know

just know

Which of these structures is/are NOT properly matched with one of its/their functions?

pharyngeal tonsil: trap and destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air

nasal conchae: increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air

nasopharynx: conduct air toward and from the larynx

paranasal sinuses: house olfactory receptors

paranasal sinuses: house olfactory receptors

Which of the following regions contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear?

laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

larynx

oropharynx

nasopharynx

What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?

vocal folds

thyroid cartilage

epiglottis

glottis

glottis

Which of these cells would be most effective in the disposal of inspired microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?

type II alveolar cells

lymphocytes in blood circulating through the lungs

alveolar macrophages

type I alveolar cells

alveolar macrophages        

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?

type II alveolar cells

alveolar macrophages

type I alveolar cells

endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries

type II alveolar cells

just know

just know

just know

What structure prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea?

vestibular folds

glottis

epiglottis

laryngeal prominence

epiglottis

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

surfactant production

C-shaped cartilage rings

surface tension of water

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

C-shaped cartilage rings

Which of the following cavities surround(s) the lungs alone?

mediastinum

pericardial cavity

pleural cavities

thoracic cavity

pleural cavities

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

True

False

True

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment?

intrapleural pressure

atmospheric pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

transpulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure        

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

intrapleural pressure

transpulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure

just know

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.

an active process; a passive process

an active process; also an active process

a passive process; an active process

a passive process; also a passive process

an active process; a passive process

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

warming the air before it enters

protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

humidifying the air before it enters

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

air (gases) flows into lungs

thoracic cavity volume decreases

intrapulmonary pressure drops

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas.

How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

diaphragm and external intercostals

internal intercostals and external oblique

diaphragm and internal intercostals

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

intrapulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure

atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system

acetylcholine (ACh)

epinephrine

histamine

epinephrine

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

lungs will collapse

lung volume will stay the same

lungs will inflate

lungs will collapse

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

the Haldane effect

chloride shifting

ventilation-perfusion coupling

the Bohr effect

ventilation-perfusion coupling

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

the temperature

molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

solubility in water

partial pressure gradient

partial pressure gradient

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

True

False

True

Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood?

increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already

a decrease in blood temperature

decreases in plasma carbon dioxide

a drop in blood pH

a drop in blood pH        

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

dissolved in the plasma

chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

just know

If your core temperature becomes colder, it is more difficult for oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin at any P02 .    

True

False

True

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin

not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood

According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, P_O2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O₂. At a P_O2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated.

98%

95%

100%

less than 50%

95%

Increased temperature results in decreased O₂ unloading from hemoglobin.

True

False

False

Which of the following modifies and smoothes the respiratory pattern?

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

pontine respiratory centers

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

diencephalon

pontine respiratory centers

Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?

an increase in blood pH

rising carbon dioxide levels

reduced oxygen levels

arterial pH

rising carbon dioxide levels        

Which of the following inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate?

stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

a rise in body temperature

elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood

partial pressure of oxygen below 60 millimeters of mercury at chemoreceptors

stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

Which of the following conditions or scenarios increases the respiratory rate?

a drop in carbon dioxide levels in the blood

acidosis

alkalosis

an increase in partial pressure of oxygen

acidosis

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

upper spinal cord and medulla

pons and midbrain

medulla and pons

midbrain and medulla

medulla and pons

What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?

hypothalamus

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

pontine respiratory group (PRG)

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?

phrenic nerve

intercostal nerves

glossopharyngeal nerve

vagus nerve

phrenic nerve

What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?

low O2 (oxygen)

high pH

H+ (hydrogen ions)

high CO2 (carbon dioxide)

H+ (hydrogen ions)

As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO₂ (pCO₂) and pH?

decreased pCO2 and decreased pH

increased pCO2 and decreased pH

decreased pCO2 and increased pH

increased pCO2 and increased pH

decreased pCO2 and increased pH

Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?

pulmonary stretch receptors

Hypothalamic receptors

irritant receptors

peripheral chemoreceptors

pulmonary stretch receptors

What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?

increased plasma carbon dioxide levels

increased hydrogen ion levels

sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors

decreased plasma oxygen levels

sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors

A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration.  What acts as the effector(s) in this system?

respiratory muscles

peripheral chemoreceptors

medulla oblongata

central chemoreceptors

respiratory muscles

Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?

emphysema

coryza

tuberculosis

pneumonia

emphysema

How would you classify chewing food?

mechanical breakdown

propulsion

digestion

ingestion

mechanical breakdown        

Which of the following is NOT a means of mechanically breaking down food?

churning

mastication

segmentation

peristalsis

peristalsis

just know

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.

secretion

absorption

mechanical breakdown

digestion

digestion

Digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.

catabolism

excretion

mastication

anabolism

catabolism

Peristaltic waves are ________.

churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract that aid in mechanical breakdown of chyme

pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

Which organ of the digestive tract is the body's major digestive organ?

stomach

large intestine

liver

small intestine

small intestine

Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?

submucosa

muscularis externa

mucosa

serosa

mucosa        

Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

mucosa

muscularis externa

serosa

submucosa

muscularis externa

The __________ is the serous membrane that covers most digestive organs.

omenta

parietal peritoneum

mesentery

visceral peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

The __________ circulation collects nutrient-rich venous blood draining from the digestive viscera.

pulmonary

hepatic portal

enterohepatic

splanchnic

hepatic portal

Which of the following does NOT correctly describe basic regulation of digestive activity?

Short reflexes act locally in the GI tract.

The enteric nervous system is under conscious control.

pH, stretch, and osmolarity are some of the stimuli that can trigger digestive reflexes.

Digestive system effectors are smooth muscle and glands.

The enteric nervous system is under conscious control.

The uvula is an extension of the __________.

palatopharyngeal arch

soft palate

oral vestibule

lingual frenulum

soft palate        

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva?

Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins.

Saliva dissolves food chemicals so that they can be tasted.

Saliva cleanses the mouth.

Saliva moistens food and helps compact it into a bolus.

Saliva contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of proteins.

Which of the following inhibits salivation?

the sight or smell of food

being stressed or frightened

relaxing after a meal

ingestion of spicy foods

being stressed or frightened        

How many total permanent teeth should an adult have, assuming none have been lost or removed?

8

16

20

32

32

just know

just know

The deciduous dentition consists of __________ teeth.

10

16

20

32

20

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?

vallate and filiform

fungiform and vallate

palatine and vallate

fungiform, vallate, and filiform

fungiform and vallate

The digestive function of the liver is to produce digestive enzymes.

True

False

False

All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is NOT true of swallowing.

The involuntary portion of swallowing takes place in the pharynx.

The mouth, pharynx and esophagus all take part in swallowing.

The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.

The voluntary phase of swallowing takes place within the mouth.

The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.

Another term for swallowing is deglutition.

True

False

True

The soft palate reflexively opens the nasopharynx to allow the passage of food, which is now called a bolus.

True

False

False

The __________ phase of gastric secretion begins as chyme enters the duodenum.

cephalic

intestinal

reflux

gastric phase

intestinal

Gastric juice does not typically cause a burning sensation within the stomach. But reflux of gastric juice into the esophagus can cause a burning sensation. One reason for the burning sensation caused by the gastric reflux is that the esophagus ______.

secretes mucus that is not identical to stomach mucus

is internally lined by epithelial cells that are in direct physical contact with the contents of the esophagus

has enzymes that react with stomach acid to cause a burning sensation

None of the listed responses is correct.

secretes mucus that is not identical to stomach mucus

Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following?

surface epithelial cells

chief cells

parietal cells

mucous neck cells

parietal cells

Select the one response below that would NOT result from a drug that blocks histamine receptors in the cells lining the stomach.

It would cause the release of secretin and cholecystokinin.

It would reduce the symptoms of heartburn.

It would raise the pH of the stomach.

It would lower the activity of parietal cells.

It would cause the release of secretin and cholecystokinin.

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.

chief cells of the stomach

parietal cells of the stomach

Brunner's glands in the duodenum

goblet cells of the small intestine

chief cells of the stomach

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

C

A

K

B12

B12

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

parietal cells

enteroendocrine cells

zymogenic cells

mucous neck cells

parietal cells

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, resulting in faster gastric emptying.

The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food but may cause heartburn.

Increased production of trypsinogen.

Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________.

secretin

histamine

gastrin

ACh

secretin

Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach through hormonal and neuronal signals.

True

False

True

Which of the following constitute a portal triad?

the hepatic artery and two hepatic veins

three lobules sharing a common central vein

a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole

the porta hepatis

a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole

Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?

hepatic portal vein

inferior vena cava

central vein

hepatic vein

hepatic portal vein

Which chemical activates the transformation of trypsinogen to trypsin?

amylase

chymotrypsin

enteropeptidase

carboxypeptidase

enteropeptidase        

     Bile is secreted by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________.    

pancreas; secretin

small intestine; CCK

gallbladder; gastrin

liver; secretin

liver; secretin        

Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.

The immunoglobulins protecting the digestive tract would be digested without proper regulation of protein digesting enzymes.

The enzymes would digest each other if they were not properly regulated.

Inactive enzymes will simply be expelled with the feces if no protein is present in the digesting food; this will help to conserve energy.

The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.

The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.

Hepatocytes do NOT ________.

detoxify toxic chemicals

process nutrients

produce digestive enzymes

store fat-soluble vitamins

produce digestive enzymes

Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

starches

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

lipids

The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine.

colon

ileum

duodenum

jejunum

duodenum

Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine that increases surface area?

rugae

villi

circular folds

microvilli

rugae

Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?

mass movement

Valsalva's maneuver

defecation reflex

haustral contractions

mass movement

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?

primary digestion of food

water absorption and feces elimination

nutrient absorption

mechanical breakdown of food

water absorption and feces elimination

Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?

absorption of water

absorption of electrolytes

synthesis of intrinsic factor

synthesis of vitamins

synthesis of intrinsic factor

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

synthesis of vitamin K

absorb bilirubin

synthesize vitamins C and D

produce gas

synthesis of vitamin K

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine?

It has pocket-like sacs called haustra.

It exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli.

It is longer than the small intestine.

It does not contain villi.

It is longer than the small intestine.

Carbohydrates are digested into __________.

amino acids

glycerol

nucleotides

monosaccharides

monosaccharides