Social Studies Unit 3 Study Guide

Revolution

A revolution is a major and rapid change in society, politics, or the economy.

Industrial Revolution

An industrial revolution is a period of major technological and manufacturing growth that changes production.

Requirements for Industrial Revolution

You need natural resources, labor, capital, and new technology.

Catalysts for American Industrialization

New inventions, improved transportation, and investment capital.

Effects of the Cotton Gin on America

It increased cotton production and deepened the South's dependence on slavery.

Eli Whitney

Who invented both the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

Effects of Interchangeable Parts on America

They made mass production and repair of goods faster and cheaper.

War of 1812 Realization

It needed to rely less on foreign goods and grow its own industry.

Slater Mill

The first U.S. factory founded in 1790 in Pawtucket, RI.

Effects of the Rise of Factories

They increased production and urbanization but led to poor working conditions.

Textile Factories in New England

New England had rivers for power, workers, and ports for shipping.

Lowell, Massachusetts

A city that had 29 mills and 8,500 workers using machine power.

Immigrants to America (1820-1860)

Most immigrants were from Ireland and Germany.

American Party

The American Party, or Know-Nothings, opposed immigration and Catholics.

Turnpikes

Toll roads built to improve travel and trade.

National Road

The first major federally funded highway connecting the East to the West.

Erie Canal

A canal connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, boosting trade.

Canals Built During This Time Period

They made transportation and trade faster and cheaper.

Effects of Steamboats on America

They improved river travel and allowed cheaper, faster trade.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Railroads

They were fast and expanded markets but were expensive and unsafe early on.

Industrialization in the South

The South relied on slavery and agriculture instead of industry.

Triangle Trade

A trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas exchanging goods and enslaved people.

Middle Passage

The brutal sea journey that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Franklin and Armfield

A major U.S. slave-trading company.

Stono Rebellion

It was caused by slave resistance to oppression and led to harsher slave laws.

Haitian Revolution

Enslaved Africans rebelled against French rule and won independence for Haiti.

Denmark Vesey's Rebellion

Vesey planned a slave uprising; it was stopped, and stricter slave laws followed.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Turner led a violent slave revolt, leading to fear and harsher slave codes.

American Colonization Society

A group that wanted to send freed African Americans to Africa (Liberia).

Paul Cuffee

A free Black shipowner who supported African colonization and Black independence.

Underground Railroad

The goal was to reach Canada (or Mexico) because slavery was illegal there and fugitives were safe from capture.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law requiring escaped enslaved people to be returned to their owners.

Personal liberty laws

Laws protecting escaped enslaved people and resisting the Fugitive Slave Act.

Harriet Tubman

An escaped enslaved woman who helped hundreds gain freedom through the Underground Railroad.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement that inspired social reforms like abolition.

Quakers

A religious group that believed in equality, peace, and abolition of slavery.

Transcendentalism

A movement focused on nature and individualism; one Transcendentalist was Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Utopian communities

Groups trying to create ideal societies; an example is Brook Farm.

Abolition

The movement to end slavery completely.

Frederick Douglass

A former enslaved man who became a leading abolitionist, speaker, and writer.

American Anti-Slavery Society

An organization dedicated to ending slavery in the United States.

William Lloyd Garrison

A radical abolitionist and editor of The Liberator newspaper.

Liberty Party

A political party focused on ending slavery through politics.

Radical abolitionism in the 1820s and 1830s

Abolitionists began demanding immediate emancipation instead of gradual change.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention that issued the Declaration of Sentiments.

Temperance

The movement to ban or reduce alcohol use.

Maine Law

An 1851 law banning alcohol sales in Maine.

Common School Movement

A reform promoting free public education for all children.

Roberts v. Boston (1850)

It upheld racial segregation in public schools.

Asylum

An institution for the mentally ill; Dorothea Dix fought to improve them.

Prison reforms

Prisons became more humane and focused on rehabilitation.