urine

a

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeabilityproperties of the ________.A) loop of HenleB) glomerular filtration membraneC) collecting ductD) distal convoluted tubule.

A

Urine passes through the ________.A) renal hilum to the bladder to the ureterB) pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethraC) glomerulus to ureter to renal tubuleD) hilus to urethra to bladder

B

A Bowmanʹs capsule does not contain ________.A) a podocyteB) a vasa rectaC) a fenestrated capillaryD) an efferent arteriole

B

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to ________.A) a decrease in the production of ADHB) an increase in the production of ADHC) an increase in the production of aldosteroneD) a decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

B

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.A) transitionalB) simple squamousC) stratified squamousD) pseudostratified columnar

A

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.A) when the peritubular capillaries are dilatedB) when the pH of the urine decreasesC) by a decrease in the blood pressureD) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10

C

Blood vessels of the renal columns are called ________.A) lobarB) segmentalC) interlobarD) cortical radiate

C

Which gland sits atop each kidney?A) adrenalB) thymusC) pituitaryD) pancreas

A

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.A) lobarB) arcuateC) interlobarD) cortical radiate

B

The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.A) has a basement membraneB) is impermeable to most substancesC) is drained by an efferent arterioleD) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems

C

The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.A) is not permeable to waterB) is freely permeable to sodium and ureaC) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubuleD) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

D

Select the correct statement about the ureters.A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine.B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch.C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.

C

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because ________.A) it ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficientlyB) it stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal positionC) it is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneysD) it produces vitamin D

B

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.A) Bowmanʹs capsule and glomerulusB) the descending loop of HenleC) the renal pyramidD) the renal papilla

A

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is ________.A) the nephronB) the loop of HenleC) Bowmanʹs capsuleD) the basement membrane of the capillaries

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.A) the secretion of drugsB) the secretion of acids and ammoniaC) reabsorption of organic molecules, vitamins, and waterD) regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

D

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.A) the design and size of the podocytesB) the thickness of the capillary endotheliumC) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

C

Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters?A) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia).B) They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum.C) They are made up of several layers of endothelium.D) They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently.

A

The first major branch of the renal artery is ________.A) arcuateB) interlobularC) segmentalD) cortical radiate

C

) Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?A) The stretching of the bladder wall serves as the trigger.B) Motor neurons control micturition.C) The pressure of the fluid in the bladder opens a sphincter and allows the urine to flow by gravity down the urethra.D) The sympathetic efferents are the predominant system controlling micturition.

A

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.A) glomerular endotheliumB) podocytesC) renal fasciaD) basement membrane

C

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.A) active transportB) osmosisC) solvent dragD) cotransport with sodium ions

B

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules ________.A) is not Tm limitedB) is in the distal convoluted tubuleC) is hormonally controlled in distal tubule segmentsD) is completed by the time the loop of Henle is reached

C

The macula densa cells respond to ________.A) aldosteroneB) antidiuretic hormoneC) changes in pressure in the tubuleD) changes in solute content of the filtrate

D

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?A) Na+B) K+C) glucoseD) creatinine

D

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowmanʹs) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain asignificant amount of ________.A) glucoseB) hormonesC) electrolytesD) plasma protein

D

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cellsB) increases the rate of glomerular filtrationC) increases secretion of ADHD) inhibits the release of ADH

D

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.A) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressureB) decrease the production of aldosteroneC) decrease arterial blood pressureD) decrease water absorption

A

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland withsymptoms of polyuria is ________.A) diabetes mellitusB) diabetes insipidusC) diabetic acidosisD) coma

B

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.A) 1.041-1.073B) 1.001-1.035C) 1.030-1.040D) 1.000-1.015

B

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting ductA) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4B) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4C) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4D) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

D

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.C) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.

A

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?A) filtration would increase above normal.B) Net filtration would decrease.C) Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure.D) Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that their filtration would not change.

B

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?A) granular cellsB) macula densaC) podocyte cellsD) mesanglial cells

C

Tubular reabsorption ________.A) includes substances such as creatinineB) by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradientC) by passive processes requires ATP to move solutes from the interior of the tubule to the bloodD) is a way for the body to get rid of unwanted waste

B

Which statement is true about urine?A) Urine is usually slightly alkaline.B) Urine has an ammonialike odor when fresh.C) Urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid.D) Urine has a yellow color due to the presence of hemoglobin.

C

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.A) facilitated diffusionB) passive transportC) countertransportD) secondary active transport

D

While the kidneys process about 180 L of blood-derived fluids daily, the amount that actually leaves the body is ________.A) 50%, or 90 LB) all of the 180 LC) 1%, or 1.8 LD) 100 L

C

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.A) fetuses do not have any waste to excreteB) there are no functional nephrons until after birthC) the placenta allows the motherʹs urinary system to clear the waste from fetal bloodD) there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development

C

Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?A) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age.B) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function.C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction.D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.

D

The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is ________.A) the colloid osmotic pressure of the bloodB) the glomerular hydrostatic pressureC) the capsular hydrostatic pressureD) the myogenic mechanism

B

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid ________.A) will be actively secreted into the filtrateB) will be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cellsC) will appear in the urineD) will be reabsorbed by secondary active transport

C

If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?A) The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood.B) Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules.C) Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.D) The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult

C

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.A) relative permeability of the distal tubule to waterB) impermeability of the collecting tubule to waterC) transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of HenleD) the presence of ADH

B

As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it branches to supply the renal tissue. Place the following in correct sequence starting from the renal artery.1. segmental 2. cortical radiate 3. arcuate 4. interlobarA) 1, 4, 3, 2B) 3, 1, 4, 2C) 1, 2, 3, 4D) 1, 4, 2, 3

A

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle ________.A) the thin segment is freely permeable to waterB) the thick segment is permeable to waterC) the thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chlorideD) the thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

D

Select the correct statement about urinary system development.A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.B) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras.C) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation.D) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys.

A

The disruption in homeostasis known as pyelitis is ________.A) a virus that appears only in children because of poor hygieneB) the aftermath of a severe upper respiratory infectionC) an infection of the renal pelvis and calycesD) more prevalent in the elderly

C

Which statement is correct?A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.C) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine.D) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.

A

The glomerular filtration rate is approximately 350 ml/min.

False

The functional unit of the kidney is the renal column.

False

The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

True

The terminal portion of the urinary system is the urethra.

True

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

True

The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

True

Urine is 95% water by volume.

True

The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

True

Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

False

In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

True

The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

False

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

True

Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

False

Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

True

Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

False

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

False

Major calyces are large branches of the renal column.

False

Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.

False

Ureters, like the urethra, are lined only with transitional epithelium.

False

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

True

The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

False

An excessive urine output is called anuria.

False

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

True

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

False

Atrial naturetic factor inhibits sodium reabsorption.

True

Particles smaller than 3 nanometers are passed into the filtrate.

True

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

False

Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

True

Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

True

Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

False

The kidney consumes about 15% of all oxygen used by the body at rest.

False

The capillary bed that surrounds the descending and ascending loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons is called the ________.

vasa recta

Urine crystals in the renal pelvis are called ________.

renal calculi

The need to get up in the middle of the night to urinate is called

nocturia

The area between the ureters and urethra is called the ________ in a bladder.

trigone

The ________ mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched

myogenic

The presence of pus in the urine is a condition called ________.

pyuria

Sodium-linked water flow across a membrane is called ________ water reabsorption

obligatory

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.A) decrease the production of aldosteroneB) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressureC) decrease water absorptionD) decrease arterial blood pressure

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

false

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?A) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrateB) by secreting sodium ionsC) by producing new bicarbonate ionsD) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions

by secreting sodium ions

Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

true

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)B) the thickness of the capillary endotheliumC) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillariesD) the design and size of the podocytes

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
1. major calyx2. minor calyx3. nephron4. urethra5. ureter 6. collecting duct

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?A) hormonal regulation B) renal autoregulationC) neural regulation D) electrolyte levels

electrolyte levels

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?A) K+ B) Na+ C) glucose D) creatinine

creatinine

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.A) thick segment is permeable to waterB) thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorptionC) thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chlorideD) thin segment is freely permeable to water

thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.A) plasma protein B) glucoseC) electrolytes D) hormones

plasma protein

In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.

true

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.A) increases secretion of ADHB) increases the rate of glomerular filtrationC) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cellsD) inhibits the release of ADH

inhibits the release of ADH

Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.A) fetuses do not have any waste to excreteB) the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal bloodC) there are no functional nephrons until after birthD) there is no way a fetus could excrete urine until the seventh month of development

the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood