HuG Language and Ethnicity

1. Race

categorization of humans based on skin color and other characteristics predetermined by society

2. Human subspecies

Exhibit a difference in gene frequency and physical characteristics in response to developing in a geographic condition

3. Ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth (Asian Americans

4. Latino vs. Hispanic

from Latin America vs. from a country that speaks Spanish

5. Nationality

shared identity of people who have legal attachment or personal alliance to a country -- differs from ethnicity because of legality like what law are you under

6. Dominant Groups

rulers, lawgivers, religious, military, educational leaders

7. Minority Groups

(they aren't always numerically smaller) any group that faces discrimination from the majority

8. Ethnic enclaves

distribution of ethnicities on a local scale

9. Ethnic region

distribution of ethnicities on a regional scale

10. Urban Scale Ethnic

minorities often cluster in cities -- has to do with minority groups in society

11. Distribution causes:

• International Migration

• Internal Migration

• Segregation by Ethnicity and Race

12. South African Apartheid

segregate its people -- white colonials and Africans

• New born babies classified

13. Ethnic Competitions

• Lebanon: Christians vs. Muslims over Holy Land

• Sri Lanka: Buddhist vs. Hindu Moors vs. Muslims

• Kurds: Sunni Muslims pushing for their own country

• Africa: so many ethnicities and the borders don't align

• Partition of Indian Subcontinent: Hindu vs. Muslim Pakistan/Bangladesh

14. Conflict of Ethnicites

Nationality: When people with different ethnicities share legal attachment there is trouble

(lack of correspondence of nationality and ethnicity especially in West Asia)

15. Ethnic Cleansing

more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one to create one homogenous ethnic region

16. Ethnic Cleansing steps

1. Move military equipment into village with no strategic value

2. Round up ppl, separate women and children from men

3. Women and children killed or forced out

4. Destroy the rest of the village

18. Genocide

Any means of the following acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part a national, racial, or religious group

17. Ethnic Cleansing Examples

Examples

-Bosnia: Muslims were targeted to create create closer representation Serbian/Croatian

- Serbia: against Albanians

- Rwanda: Hutu violence against Tutsi who came into power

-Holocaust (more in notes but you don't need to know every single one)

19. Genocide Examples

-Killing members

- Causing serious bodily or mental harm

- Deliberately inflicting conditions that bring physical destruction

- Imposing measures intended to prevent births in group

- Forcibly transferring children to another group

20. Imperialism

The dominance of one country over another through diplomacy there

21. Colonialism

When a powerful country established settlements in a less powerful country for economical/political gains

22. Neo-Colonialism

Modern imperialism; pursued through the assertion of political, economic, and cultural influence (tariffs!)

23. Trade

People interact to buy and sell goods -- this interaction results in the exchange of culture and ideas (think Silk Road)

24. Distance decay (wifi effect)

The farther away, the less interaction

25. Friction of Distance

As a cultural trait diffuses, the ppl adopt it and might alter it

26. Globalization (different from wifi effect and friction of distance)

World's trend of increased cultural and economic connectivity -- no borders or barriers

27. Time-space compression

shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation

28. Cultural Convergence

gence Facilitated by time-space convergence; 2 cultures coming together and adopting each others traits

29. Cultural Convergence results

- When groups merge majorities might limit how minority can express their culture and ban language or activities

- Leads to genocide and ethnic cleansing

30. Cultural Divergence

Cultures become less alike due to physical and cultural barriers -- restricting contact with other cultures in attempt to retain originality

31. Language Family

largest group of related languages (indo-european

32. Language Branch

Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago (Romance Branch, Germanic Branch)

33. Language Group Share

an even more recent ancestor (west germanic vs. north germanic)

34. Dialects

variation of standard language distinguished by differences in vocab and word choice (think fries vs. chips)

35. Pidgin Language

extremely simplified, limited, non-native language used by 2+ people that speak 2 languages (Papau New Guinea and Hawaii Pidgin English)

36. Creole Language

A pidgin that develops into a new combined language -- appears a lot with colonization (cajun louisiana creole and haitian)

37. Dialects vs. Accents

different words vs. different pronunciations

38. Isogloss

a geographic boundary with in which a particular linguistic feature occurs -- line that divides dialects

39. Lingua Franca

common language used by speakers of 2 different languages for communication, usually for business, trade, commerce, or in pop culture

- world language: English

- regionally: mandarin, swahili, etc

40. Official Language

Used by government of a country for laws stamps

41. Positives of a official language

Creates unity in diverse states

42. Negatives of Official Language

Multi-ethnic populations may have endangered languages now as the official language becomes the primary

43. Historic causes of diffusion

1. Colonialism/Imperialism 2. Military Conquest 3. Trade 4. Migration

44. Kurgan Warrior Theory

Indo European languages first got diffused from a hearth in Russia/Ukraine. The Kurgans were nomadic warriors that conquered their way through Europe and South Asia and brought language with them

45. Anatolian Farmer Theory

Indo-European Languages started in Anatolia, and as agriculture got better and populations grow the language spread (more accepted theory)