BSCI170 FINAL

List and explain the 6 big ideas in biology.

List and explain the 6 big ideas in biology.

~Structure function relationships: idea stating that to for something to function in a certain way it must have certain features \n ~Energy Transformations: idea of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed \n ~Emergent Properties: idea of levels of organization, properties of things depend on composition, properties can change when things are synthesized \n ~Regulatory Mechanisms: Processes are regulated, feedback loops, response to environment \n ~Evolution: idea of common ancestry, all organisms evolved from other ones \n ~Cell Theory: idea of continuity of life, all life is made of cells, all cells come from other cells

What is the term used to describe internal membrane bound organelles in a cell?

An endomembrane system which also creates compartmentalization within the cell. This is found in Eukaryotic cells.

What are the two different types of cells? What differentiates them?

Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. \n Pro- no nucleus, cytosol, DNA body, ribosomes \n Euk- Endomembrane system, membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton

Explain the endosymbiont theory/endosymbiosis.

This theory states that mitochondria resemble prokaryotes, specifically bacteria, and they most likely were engulfed by eukaryotes.

What element in organic molecules makes them so hydrophilic prone?

Oxygen.

Describe the concept of electronegativity.

This concept is the measure of ability of atoms/elements to acquire and keep electrons. If high= the element is good at keeping/holding electrons, if low electronegativity= the element is bad at holding/keeping electrons.

How many valence electrons does hydrogen have to offer to other elements it binds with?

Each hydrogen has 1 unpaired valence electron. Therefore, one will observe hydrogen with elements in a ratio of 1:1 for hydrogen to unpaired valence electrons on the other element. ex: H2S

How many electrons fill one orbital? One shell?

2 electrons fill each orbital. 2 electrons fill the first shell, and 8 electrons fill each shell after that.

How, in biology, do we illustrate electrons on atom?

We draw the electrons in orbitals. The first shell: the electrons are next to each other. The ones from there are filled with one electron in each orbital and then the second if it is available. (Electron number is the same as atomic number)

What determines the number of bonds that an atom can form in a molecule? Explain.

The number of unpaired valence electrons in the atom.

Describe the difference between polar covalent and ionic bonds in molecules.

The difference lies in how the electrons function in each bond. In the first type of bond listed, electrons are shared unequally by the different elements. In the second type of bond listed, the electron(s) are given up by one atom to allow for a full outer shell on another atom.

What causes most of the emergent properties from water?

The hydrogen bonds that it forms.

Explain the bonding between different water molecules.

The positive hydrogen end hydrogen bonds with the negative oxygen side. All bonds are the same length.

Explain the hydration shell.

This property of water arises because of its polarity. This refers to how water molecules dissolve and separate solutes. The water molecules surround the solute in this structure.

List the emergent properties and aspects of water.

Cohesion- ability to stick to itself, adhesion- ability to stick to other substances, Surface tension, heat capacity, evaporative cooling, polar, forms certain amounts of H+ and OH- ions dynamically

What descriptor explains not dissolvable in water

Hydrophobic.

What is the difference between the bonding in liquid vs solid vs gas water?

In order solid is the most organized and structured. Liquid is more disorganized with some molecules not bonded to each other. Gas is the most disorganized with almost no molecules bonded together by hydrogen bonds.

What is a functional group that is present on a lot of molecules that would help form hydration shells?

Hydroxyl groups add a negative charge to molecules which affect the polarity of molecules which makes them more susceptible to forming a hydration shell.

What functional group does not change polarity when added to molecules?

Methyl group.

Explain the term structural isomers.

Structural isomers are molecules that have the same empirical formula, but they have a different bonding structure.

What functional group has the empirical formula OH-C=O? What is its effect on molecules?

Carboxyl group. It adds an acidic quality to molecules.

What happens to pH when H+ ions are added to a solution?

The solutions pH will decrease becoming more acidic.

What happens to the pH of a solution when OH- ions are added?

The solutions pH will increase or become more basic.

What is the significance of the sulfhydryl group?

This functional group in important in protein structure because of the phosphodiester bonds.

What is the functional group that has a positive charge in water?

The Amino group

What are the reactions called that link amino acids together?

Dehydration Synthesis Reactions.

How is free energy defined in biology?

Free energy is the energy in a molecule that can be used to do work.

Explain the 1st law of thermodynamics.

This law outlines the conservation of energy in the universe. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed.

Explain the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

This law explains the term of entropy, and how it is always increasing in the universe. This law also tells us that some energy cannot be used to do work.

What is entropy?

This term means a measure of disorder in the universe. If entropy increases, then disorder in the universe increases. If entropy decreases, then disorder in the universe decreases.

What is the term we use to describe the double layered cell membrane?

This is the lipid bilayer of the cell.

What is the term we give to a phospholipid that explains that one side of the lipid is hydrophilic and one side is hydrophobic?

Amphipathic.

Explain the difference between catabolic and anabolic.

Catabolic means to break down(hydrolysis) and anabolic means to build(dehydration synthesis)

Explain the different types of membrane proteins learned in class.

Transmembrane- all the way through the membrane \n Channel protein- ions pass through this, must be transmembrane \n Peripheral protein- outside of membrane, does not touch hydrophilic part \n Integral protein- touches hydrophobic tails within membrane, but does not necessarily pass all of the way through

What are the three different determinants for how viscous/fluid a membrane is?

The temperature, length of the hydrophobic tails, and the saturation/unsaturation.

What is the function of cholesterol in the membrane?

This molecule has the purpose of aiding in fluidity and viscosity of the membrane. It helps to balance the fluidity of the membrane.

What lies on many transmembrane proteins? What is their function? What are they made from?

Receptor molecules. Their function is to allow for cell communication and cell recognition. They are made of carbohydrates and specifically, saccharide chains.

What do amphipathic molecules form in water?

They form micelles.

Explain the difference between hypotonic and hypertonic.

If a cell is hypotonic to the solution around it, the cell will shrivel. If a cell is hypertonic to the solution, the cell will expand because of influx of water.

What process of bulk transport is known as "cell eating"? Give an example.

Phagocytosis. ex: A macrophage removing bacteria from the bloodstream.

What is the term used to describe transport across a membrane that needs energy to occur?

Active transport.

Explain the term enthalpy.

This term refers to the total potential energy stored in a molecule.

What are all of the parts of the graph we would need to provide and label for a coupled reaction?

Axes: X-time, Y-free energy; products; reactants; activation energy; ATP->ADP + Pi

What are the two different sites on enzymes? Which does the substrate bind to? What binds to the other site?

The two sites are the allosteric and the active site. The substrate binds to the active site. An activator or inhibitor will bind to the allosteric site which changes the shape of the enzyme.

Explain the difference between an activator and an inhibitor.

An activator makes an enzyme work better or stronger while an inhibitor makes an enzyme stop working completely or it makes its effect weaker.

Explain the idea of induced fit.

This term is the concept that an enzyme slightly changes shape to better fit a substrate.

Explain the term feedback inhibition.

This is the concept when the final product of an enzymatic pathway binds to the original start enzyme and inactivates it.

When does active transport need in order to commence?

This type of transport needs energy in the form of ATP.

When does passive transport occur?

This type of transport occurs when substances are being moved down the concentration gradient.

Explain the term spontaneous when referring to a chemical reaction.

Spontaneous means once a reaction has started it continues to go, and it does not require more energy to continue. Enzymes are required however.

Explain the terms endergonic and exergonic.

Endergonic are reactions with positive delta Gs. They require energy. These reactions are anabolic and they build molecules. Exergonic are reactions with negative delta Gs which are catabolic. They give off energy. These two types of reactions are usually paired together.

Explain the term of reaction coupling.

This is the pairing of an endergonic and exergonic reaction to yield.

Explain the term reduction.

Reduction is when something gains electrons, we can tell by the transfer of hydrogen.

What is the function of fermentation?

This process recycles NAD+ for glycolysis to reoccur.

What is the final product of the Calvin Cycle?

G3P

What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle?

Carbon Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration.

Where is pyruvate found in the cell?

The cytoplasm

Describe the process of photolysis.

This is the breaking down of H2O in order to yield electrons, hydrogen ions, and O2.

What waste product does photosynthesis create that is needed for cellular respiration?

O2 or Oxygen

What waste product of cellular respiration is required for photosynthesis?

CO2 or Carbon Dioxide

Regarding cellular respiration, what two processes take place in the cytoplasm which makes for a need of them to be closely regulated?

The two processes are glycolysis and sucrose synthesis.

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

The stroma of the chloroplast .

Where does the Kreb's Cycle take place?

The matrix of the mitochondria.

Describe the difference between alpha and beta glycosidic linkages. Give an example of both.

Humans can digest alpha glycosidic linkages, but they cannot digest beta glycosidic linkages. An example of an alpha is starch, and an example of beta is cellulose.

List in order the parts of the ETC in photosynthesis. What membrane is this found in? Where are H+ ions concentrated?

PS2, PQ, Cytochrome Complex, PC, PS1, ATP synthase. This chain is in the thylakoid membrane. H+ ions are concentrated in the lumen of the thylakoid.

List in order the parts of the ETC in cellular respiration. What membrane does this take place in? Where are H+ ions concentrated?

Complex 1, Q, Complex 2, Complex 3, Cyt C, Complex 4 ATP synthase. This chain is found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The H+ ions are concentrated into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

What side does the "bulb" of the ATP synthase need to be on? Why?

The bulb needs to be on the side of ATP generation, otherwise known as the side the ATP will be needed. In P this is the stromal side. In CR this is the matrix.

What are the names of the processes of making ATP in each organelle?

Chloroplast: photophosphorylation, Mitochondria: oxidative phosphorylation.

What are the two molecules that donate electrons to the ETC in the Mitochondria? Which one has the more energized electrons?

NADH and FADH2. NADH has the electrons with more energy responsible for 60% of the ATP produced.

How can one survive on just protein or fat without eating any carbs?

Eventually all fats and protein can be broken down into carbs.

Why does fermentation cause a smaller amount of ATP to be produced?

Because all the ATP is coming from glycolysis.

What is the product of glycolysis that still contains most of the energy from glucose?

Pyruvate.

What type of bulk transport is know as "cell drinking"?

Pinocytosis.

What is the one type of specific bulk transport we learned about in class? Describe it.

RME or receptor mediated endocytosis is the transport involving receptors, ligands, clathrin, etc to allow something to enter the cell.(very specific)

What are the functional groups we learned about in class?

Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Methyl, Sulfhydryl, Amino, and Phosphate

What are the four classes of macromolecules?

Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipids, and nucleic acids.

Explain the term saturation.

Saturated molecules have all the possible hydrogen they can.

What are the different levels for protein organization?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Describe the difference between semi-permeable membrane and selectively permeable membrane.

They both mean that the things that enter the cell through the membrane are filtered, but selectively means there is regulation with proteins.

What is the Gibbs free energy equation?

G(free energy) = H(enthalpy) - T(temp) x S(entropy)

What are the four bases in DNA and which ones do they pair with?

The four bases are A, T, C, G and A pairs with T while C pairs with G

What are the features of the Watson-Crick model?

Double Helix, Strict base pairing, 5' and 3' ends, antiparallel strands

Where does translation start?

The start or AUG codon.

What is a signalling molecule that interacts with a receptor called?

A Ligand

Explain the difference between signal reception versus signal transduction.

Reception causes confirmational change while transduction is when the ligand stays outside the cell.

Explain the concepts of mitosis and cytokinesis.

Mitosis is the splitting of the chromosomes in the cell. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and the organelles etc...