IS 307 Quiz 1

What is data?

A collection of facts

Does data have meaning?

No meaning just raw facts

What is information?

Processed data

Is information meaningful?

Yes it is.

What does information require for it to be meaningful?

Context

What is knowledge?

Consume information, understand it, and apply it

What is data analysis?

Collection, transformation, and organization of data in order to draw conclusions, make predicitions and drive informed decision-making.

What does data ecosystem involve?

Involves hardware, software, and people

What is hardware?

Physical storage, personal computers

What is software?

Database management systems

What is the cloud?

A place to keep data online rather than a computer hard drive.

What is data driven decision making?

using facts to guide business strategy

What are the steps in data driven decision making?

1. Define the problem

2. Find data

3. Analyzes it

4. Uses it to uncover trends, patterns, and relationships

What does data do in a business setting?

Improve processes, identify opportunities and trends, launch new products, serve customers, and make thoughtful decisions

What is qualitative data?

Involves subjective and explainatory measures of qualities and characteristics

What is an example of qualitative data?

Favorite movie

What is quantitative data?

specific and objective measures of numerical facts

What is an example of quantitative data?

population of elephants in Africa

What is continuous data?

is measured and can have almost any numeric value.

What is an example of continuous data?

Temperature

What is discrete data?

is counted and has limited number of values

What is an example of discrete data?

Tickets sold in the current month

What is nominal data?

type of qualitative data that is not categorized with a set order

What is an example of nominal data?

First-time customer, returning customer, regular customer

What is ordinal data?

type of qualitative data with a set order or scale

What is an example of ordinal data?

income level (low, medium, high)

What is internal data?

lives inside a company’s own system

What is an example of internal data?

sales data by store location

What is external data?

lives outside of a company or organization

What is an example of external data?

credit reports for customers of an auto dealership

What is primary data?

Collected by a researcher from first-hand sources

What is an example of primary data?

data from an interview you conducted

What is secondary data?

gathered by other people or from other research

What is an example of secondary data?

demographic data collected by a university

What is structured data?

organized by a certain format, line rows and columns

What is an example of structured data?

store inventory

What is unstructured data?

not organized in any easily identifiable manner

What is an example of unstructured data?

email, social media comments

What is a population?

all possible data values in a particular data set

What is an example of a population?

all the cars in a given area

What is a sample?

Part of a population

What are the five things that represent good data?

Reliable, original, comprehensive, current, cited

What is reliable (good data)?

you trust the data. You are sure that the data is accurate and complete and it avoids unbiased data

What is original (good data)?

validate data with its original source

What is comprehensive (good data)?

contains all critical data needed to answer the question or find the solution

What is current (good data)?

Up to date

What is cited (good data)?

Cite datasets/data to prove more credible

What is metadata?

Data about data

What is an example of metadata?

creator of a file

What is data bias?

an error that systematically skews results in a specific direction

What is an example of a data bias?

bias in a question from a survey

What is sampling bias?

when a sample is not representative of the population

What is observer bias?

Tendency for different people to observe things differently

What is interpretation bias?

Tendency to always interpret ambiguous situations positively or negatively

What is confirmation bias?

Tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs

What is data ethics?

Refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used

What are the 6 aspects of data ethics?

Ownership, transaction transparency, consent, currency, privacy, openness

Data Ethics

Ownership

who owns data?

Data Ethics

Transaction transparency

Idea that all data processing activities and algorithms should be completely explainable and understood by individuals who provides their data

Data Ethics

Consent

Individual’s right to know explicit details about how and why their data will be used before agreeing to provide it

Data Ethics

Currency

Individuals should be aware of financial transactions resulting from using their personal data and the scale of these transactions

Data Ethics

Privacy

Preserving data subjects’ information and activity any time a data transaction occurs. Sometimes called data protection

Data Ethics

Openness

Free access, usage, and data sharing. Everyone must be able to use, reuse, and redistribute the data.

What is data modeling?

Creating a specific data model for a determined problem domain

What is the first step in designing a database?

Data modeling

What is a data model?

graphical, of complex real-world data structures

What are the 6 data model building blocks?

Entity/Table, attribute/field, field/attribute value. relationship, constraint, primary key/foreign key

Data Model Building Blocks

Entity/Table

a person,place, thing or event about which data will be collected and stored

Data Model Building Blocks

What is stored in a table?

Related fields/attributes

Data Model Building Blocks

Attribute/Field

a single characteristic/attribute of a person, place, object, event or idea.

Data Model Building Blocks

Attribute/Field Example

animal ID, animal name, animal type, breed

Data Model Building Blocks

Field/Attribute Value

Specific content

Data Model Building Blocks

What is the set of field values called?

Record

Data Model Building Blocks

Relationship

Association among entities/tables

Data Model Building Blocks

Types of Relationships

One-to-many

Many-to-many

One-to-one

Data Model Building Blocks

One-to-many relationship

Exists between two tables when one record in the first table matches zero, one, or many records in the second table, and when one record in the second table matches at most one record in the first table

Data Model Building Blocks

Constraint

Restriction placed on data that ensures data integrity

Data Model Building Blocks

Constraint- Example

GPA has to be between 0.00 and 4.00

Data Model Building Blocks

Primary key/Foreign key

Relationships between tables are created using a primary key and a foreign key/common field.

Data Model Building Blocks

Primary Key

collection of fields, that uniquely identify each record in a table

Data Model Building Blocks

Foreign Key

Key from one table as a field in a second table to form a relationship between two tables