Biology FINAL

molecular formula

a "recipe" explaining the atoms that make up a molecule

Coefficient

number in front of a variable, shows how many molecules it makes

Subscript

how many of an atom in a molecule

Atom

capital letter

chemical reaction

when the molecules break down and rearrange the atoms

Reactants

molecules in original state (before reaction)

product

molecules in a different state (after reaction)

Balancing Equations

changing the coefficient so that it shows LCM

Law of Conservation of Matter

atoms cannot be created or destroyed

ATP

useable energy

how do you make ATP

by breaking bonds

Biomolecules

molecules required for living things

Monomers

small molecules that join together to make macromolecules

Where are Carbohydrates

sugars in food

What do carbohydrates do?

have a lot of bonds and gives more energy

Monosaccharides

small sugar bonds

Polysaccharides

large bonds that take longer to decompose but provide a lot of energy

Example of polysaccharides

rice, pasta

example of monosaccharides

small sweet food that gives energy fast

What are proteins made of

amino acids

How much amino acids does the body need

20

How many amino acids can the body make

11

What are essential amino acids?

The 9 amino acids the body cannot produce

How do you get your essential amino acids?

consuming it from food

What type of proteins have all amino acids?

animal proteins

What type of proteins have some amino acids?

plant proteins

Lipids

biomolecule of fat

Benefits of lipids

lipids give 2x more energy than carbs, help absorb vitamins, and make new cells

What are nucleic acid types

DNA and RNA

How do you get nucleic acids?

by consuming a living thing

Population

SAME species living in the same place

Community

DIFFERENT species living in the same place

trophic level

position in food chain

Purpose of proteins

run almost all body chemical reactions

Incisors

front teeth used for biting, tearing

Canines

fanglike teeth that tear or pierce

What type of eater has canines?

carnivores only

Premolars

flat teeth behind canines for crushing

Molars

large flat teeth (required for herbivores)

What is the 10% rule?

Only 10% of the energy in one trophic level is passed onto the next. The rest is used for living, growing and reproducing

Herbivore dentition

incisors for clipping plants, premolars and molars for grinding

Carnivore dentition

sharp canines, less molars and premolars

omnivore dentition

combo of molars and canines

Why do herbivores have longer digestive tracts?

cellulose (sugar) from plants is harder to digest

What does the cecum do?

the cecum breaks down plants only

What is the midgut?

the track at the beginning of the system, the principal site of digestion and nutrient absorption

What is the hindgut?

The track after the cecum, the site of water reabsorption

What are the biomolecules?

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrate foods

sugars

Nucleaic acid foods

any living thing

Lipid foods

Butter, oil, meat, nuts

Protein foods

Meat, fish, ,eggs, cheese, dairy products, and poultry

Carnivore diet

More protein less carbs

Herbivore diet

More carbs less fat

What type of eater gets the most energy?

Herbivore because plants dont eat so the 10% rule doesnt apply

Carrying Capacity

A populations number of individuals that a location can support successfully

over carrying capacity (graphs)

Peak and goes down

under carrying capacity (graphs)

rock bottom then peak

exponential growth

When a population has as much space and resources they need with no restrictions

When does exponential growth occur?

when a population moves into a new ecosystem or when a big change of events happens

example of exponential growth

Elephants had exponential growth when hunters were removed

logistic growth (graph)

S-shaped curve

When does logistic growth occur?

When exponential growth slows down because of limiting resources

limiting factors

the reasons exponential growth stopped

abiotic factors

sunlight, water, lack of space

Biotic factors

food, predators, disease

example of logistic growth

Ducks move to a new ecosystem and have exponential growth but then they run out of food, food is the biotic limiting factor

density dependent factors

limiting factor that depends on population size

density independent factors

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size

example of density independent factor

weather, natural disasters

example of density dependent factor

food, hunters, territory

Connection between carrying capacity and limiting factors

Carrying capacity is the amount, limiting factors are the reason

Carrying capacity in a graph

between the peaks and valleys or when its straight line

Microevolution

change in gene pool of a population (small changes)

gene flow

organisms move to different areas and combine genes

genetic drift

tragic event that involved chance

bottleneck effect

an event that kills most of the population randomly (dumb luck)

founder effect

A few organisms in a group decide to create their own population

natural selection

organisms are born with traits that arent suitable/helpful to their environment

artificial selection

humans breeding to their desire

Macroevolution

When an organism evolves so much that its a new species

Species

A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

keystone species

a species that can cause a trophic cascade if something happens to it

example of keystone species

sea otter, bees, elephants

prezygotic barriers

barriers that prevent mating or fertilization between species

Habitat Barrier (Prezygotic)

lack of opportunities to encounter each other

temporal barrier (prezygotic)

breeding at different times or seasons

Behavorial barrier (prezygotic)

Species use different mating signals

mechanical barrier (prezygotic)

reproductive systems dont match

Gametic barrier (prezygotic)

eggs and sperm are NOT compatible

postzygotic barriers

baby was created but not successful

reduced hybrid viability (postzygotic)

the combination of the parents genes impair the offsprings survival

reduced hybrid fertility (postzygotic)

offspring is infertile

hybrid breakdown (postzygotic)

the grandkids are infertile or weak

Environmental Value

other living things depend on it

Aesthetic Value

valuable because its cute/beautiful

Economic Value

makes money

Intrinsic Value

important because its a living thing

Requirements for living things

homeostasis, reproduce, require energy, grow, made of cells, evolve, respond to environment

Purpose of photosynthesis

to make sugar and oxygen