GENBIO 1ST QUARTER

Zacharias and Hans Janssen (1590)

The two are known for their invention of the compound optical microscope

Anthon van Leeuwenhoek

observed "animalcules," which he named himself because the bacteria from the pond water

Robert Hooke

Was a British scientist. In 1665 Hooke made an important discovery under a compound optical microscope. When he looked at a thin slice of cork under his microscope

Anthon van Leeuwenhoek

became the first to observe live cells. Considered the Father of Microbiology

Matthias Schleiden

a German botanist, proposed that all plants are made up of cells, and that cells are the basic building blocks of all plants. (plant embryo

Theodor Schwann

stated that cells are the fundamental units of animals too. These statements ended the notion that plants, and animals have fundamental differences in structure. (animal embryo)

Theodor Schwann

He also pulled together and organized previous statement on cells into one theory, which states: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.

Robert Remak

discovered and named the three germ layers of the early embryo: the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.

Rudolf Virchow

He pioneered the modern concept of pathological processes by his application of the cell theory to explain the effects of disease in the organs and tissues of the body.

Anthon van Leeuwenhoek

Observed animalcules from pond water (protist 1600s) , 1670s bacteria from teeth, RBC and sperm cells using magnifying tools which is consists of 2 flat thin metals and biconvex lenses

Robert Hooke

coined the term "cellulae" which was shortened to "cell" for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens

Theodor Schwann

German physiologist, founded modern histology by defining the cell as the basic unit of animal structure. Late 1830s animal embryo

Matthias Schleiden

German botanist, proposed that all plants are made of cell (plant embryo)

Robert Remak

German embryologist and neurologist who discovered and named (1842) the three germ layers of the early embryo: the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm

Rudolf virchow

Omnis Cellula e Cellulae

German pathologist and statesman, one of the most prominent physicians of the 19th century. He pioneered the modern concept of pathological processes by his application of the cell theory to explain the effects of disease in the organs and tissues of the body. He emphasized that diseases arose, not in organs or tissues in general, but primarily in their individual cells.

Plasma Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Chromosomes are structures within the nucleus that are made up of hereditary material. Visible and distinguishable from one another when the cell is getting ready to divide.

microvilli

Plasma membranes of cells that is specialized in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections called

Cytoplasm

Consists of 70% to 80% water, it has a semi-solid consistency due to the organic molecules and other elements found in it.

histones, Chromatin

The DNA is packaged by special proteins called _____________ to form ____________

chromosomes

The chromatin further condenses to form

Ribosomes

Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis and considered as protein factory of the cell

Cytoskeleton

Structure that provides support so that cells can carry out functions like division: microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.

Microfilaments

For cellular movement, 7 nm, intertwined globular protiens(actin) ATP use for the movement Myosin (motor protein

Intermediate Filaments

Strands of fibrous proteins 8-10nm, between microfilaments and microtubules Structural..bear tension, maintaining the shape Anchors the organelles Creates a supportive scaffolding

microtubules

Polymerized dimers tubulin Widest components of cytoskeleton 25nm Resist compression, provide track for the movement of vesicles, pull replicated chromosomes

Nucleus

Region of some chromosomes containing DNA that encode rRNA.

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane structure.

Inner and outer phospholipid;

Endoplasmic reticulum

A series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

Lumen

- where the newly synthesized proteins were transferred and modified

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Modified proteins will be incorporated into cellular membranes or secreted from the cell.

Smooth ER

Few or no ribosomes Rough ER ribosomes are attached to cytoplasmic surfaces.

Produces proteins, lipids, phospholipids for the formation of plasma membrane

Lumen/Cisternal space

Hollow portion membrane- continuous with nuclear envelope where newly synthesized proteins are transferred and modified

Most common modification is addition of short chains of sugar

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, steroids, hormones, detoxification of medication and poisons and storage of calcium ions

Responsible for storage of calcium for the contraction of muscle cell

Golgi Apparatus

A series of flattened membranes where sorting, tagging, packaging and distribution of lipids and proteins take place

Transport vesicles

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.

Cis Face

receiving side of golgi apparatus

Secretory Vesicle

vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing materials to be secreted from the cell

Trans Face

shipping side of golgi apparatus

Lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Vacuoles

Membrane bound sacs that functions in storage

Vesicles

Smaller and can fuse with either plasma membrane or other membrane systems within the cell

Used for Transport

Lysosome

Specialized vesicle from the Golgi that contains hydrolytic enzymes

Peroxisome

small, round organelles enclosed by single membrane

Peroxisome

carry out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acid safely.

glyoxysomes

specialized peroxisome in plants converting stored fats into sugar.

Mitochondrion

oval-shape, double membrane of phospholipid embeded with proteins

cite of the cellular respiration and the powerhouse or energy factory of the cell

Vacuoles

Membrane Bounded

Nuclear Envelope

Double Membrane

Vesicles

Transport

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Synthesis/Production

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

modify

Centrosome

Lysosomes

Organelles Present in Animal Cell only

Cell wall

Chloroplast

Central vacuole

Organelles Present in Plant Cell only

1. Animals

2. Plants

3. Fungi - mushroom, yeast

4. Protist - amoeba, algae

Examples of Eukaryotic Cell

Cell Wall: Peptidoglycan

The outermost structure of many prokaryotic cells.

Capsule: Hydrated Polysaccharide

It is found outside the cell wall of many bacteria

provides some protection against antibacterial agents and prevents desiccation (removal of moisture).

These may be the reasons why it can enhance virulence.

Nucleoid

This is also known as the nuclear zone or nuclear region where the prokaryotic chromosome is folded and packed.

This is usually not bound by a nuclear membrane

Plasmids

These are small, independently replicating circular double stranded DNA molecules that confer additional traits to the bacteria such as resistance to antibiotics.

Flagella

Are thin, rigid, curved rods made up of flagellin protein.

Movement of prokaryotic flagella is proton driven.

Pili (singular Pilus)

Thick tubular rod-like protein structures that are shorter and thinner compared to flagella.

Used to exchange genetic materials during reproduction (conjugation).

Fimbriae

Are tiny bristle-like fibers emerging from the surface of the bacterial cells used by bacteria to attach to the host cell.

Inclusion bodies

Particles of aggregated protein.

Store substances that are present in excess which can serve as a reserve metabolic substrate.

Examples are storage granules and gas vacuoles

Prokaryotic ribosomes

Have a small subunit (30S) and a large subunit (50S).

The 30S and 50S subunits assemble together to form 70S sediments rate. The S in this subunits stands for Svedberg units named in honor of the scientist Theodor Svedberg

Theodor Svedberg

1926 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, Swedish chemist research on colloids and proteins using the ultracentrifuge.

Epithelial Tissue

serves as the covering or lining of organs or cavities

Nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

composed of neurons

(connected in the heart) and glial cells that

senses stimuli

Muscle Tissue

allows the body to move voluntarily or involuntarily

Connective Tissue

transport substances within the body (blood)

Epithelial Tissue

This type of tissue is commonly seen outside

the body as coverings or as linings of organs

and cavities.

EX: Protective layer of the heart

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of thin flattened cells. *for the flow so it's flattened ●

This type of epithelium forms thin delicate sheets of cells through which molecules can easily pass. (diffusion, filtration)

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A single layer of cube-shaped cells.

● This type of epithelium offers greater

protection than a simple squamous due to its

increased thickness.

Ex: (ovary - secretes hormones)

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of column shaped cells. ● Similar to cuboidal, it can have protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion functions owing to its thickness and organelle rich cytoplasm

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of flat squamous epithelia which provide protection against abrasion and water loss.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A type of simple columnar epithelium. ● It is termed "pseudo" because although single, it appears to have multiple layers. ○ Pseudo - Fake, untrue, bluff

Transitional Epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

Connective Tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

is made up of cells, fibers,

and a gel-like substance

2.1 Connective Tissue Proper

2.2 Supporting Connective Tissue

2.3 Fluid Connective Tissue

Classifications of Connective Tissues

Loose Connective Tissue (Connective Tissue Proper)

● Holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues, surrounds the blood vessels and nerve

Fibroblast

A type of cell found in loose connective tissue that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen.

Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissue (Supporting Connective Tissue)

It is composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers. It is found in the dermis, tendons, and ligaments.

Fluid Connective Tissue

specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins

Muscle Tissue

is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts. ■ The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels.

Actin and myosin

are contractile proteins in muscle tissue.

Skeletal Muscles

Compromise 30%-40% of the total body mass. ● The muscles that connect to the bones and allow the body to perform a wide range of movements and functions.

voluntary, meaning you

can control how and when they work.

Cardiac Muscle Cell

Also called myocardium. ● In vertebrates, one of the major muscle types, is found only in the heart.

is similar to skeletal muscle,

in that, it possesses contractile units known

as sarcomeres — this feature, however, also

distinguishes it from smooth muscle

Smooth Muscle

It is an involuntary non-striated muscle ● So-called because it has no sarcomeres and therefore no striations

Nervous Tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. ● Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. ● Stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory and reasoning. ● Composed of support cells: neurons and glial.

Glial Cells / Neuroglia

● No electrical transmission that occur ● No electric signals ○ Source of nutrients ● Cell which are non-neuronal and are located within the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system ● Provides physical and metabolic support to neurons including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport

Neurons

Sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the body ● Connect to other neurons to send signals'

Dendrite

Part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons

Axon

Where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons

Myelin

nsulation layer or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. ● Made up of protein and fatty substances. ● Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cell

Node of Ranvier

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.

Schwann Cells (SCS)

Main glial cells of the peripheral nervous system which wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form the myelin sheath

Axon terminal

Refers to the axon endings that are somewhat enlarged and often club- or button-shaped ● Make synaptic connections with other nerve cell or with an effector cell ● Ex: muscle cell or gland cel

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

Bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

Osteoblasts

bone forming cells

Adipose Tissue

Tissue that stores fat.