regulation of gene expression in bacteria
constitutive
____ enzymes are ones that are always constantly being produced (rRNA)
adaptive
_____ enzymes are ones that are only made when needed
inducible
_____ transcription: production is ‘on’ when a inducer is present
repressive
_____ transcription: production is ‘off’ when a product is present
operon
single transcriptional unit, one promoter, series of multiple genes (multiple shine-delgarno’s)
transcriptional
________ control: can be negative or positive
negative
_____ means there is a repressor used (may be initially on or have to be added)
positive
_____ means there is an activator used (may be initially and removed or have to be added)
inducible, repressor
With a negative ______ operon, the _______ initially blocks the RNA polymerase from binding
repressible, repressor
With a negative _______ operon, the ____ comes in later to block the RNA polymerase from binding
repressible, activator
With a positive _______ operon, the ______ is initially there to keep the process going.
inducible, activator
With a negative _____ operon, the ________ comes in later to start the process.
Jacob, monod
Discovered the operon model, found lactose metabolism and the lac operon
negative inducible
The lac operon is _____ _____ (normally off, repressor)
alloactose
For the lac operon, what binds with the repressor so that it can complete transcription?
catabolite
______ repression: when bacteria metabolize glucose they repress genes required to metabolize other sugars if glc is present.
cap
catabolite activator protein, enhances RNA pol binding to promoter (with cAMP)
regulate
glucose levels _____ cAMP levels.
no
when glucose is present in the lac operon, does translation or transcription usually happen? (bc cAMP will not bind w cap)
sigma
cap and camp help ___ find the promoter which helps increase translation and transcription
merozygotes
How did Jacob and Monod find out about the operon? (what did they use)
no
Does transcription happen if the sequence or operater is altered?
cannot
When the operator is mutated the activator or repressor _____ bind!
repressor
a super _____ means that even tho lactose binds, the repressor doesn’t come off
repressible
the trp operon is _______
UTR
One nesscary component of attunation is the 5’ ___ (upstream from genes)
off
the tryptophan can cut itself ___ by an excess of product
attenuation
only in proks, the premature termination of transcription!
2/3
in attenuation, if the trp is low, the ribosome is slow to get the trp tRNA and so the ___ region interact because transcription occurs so fast while the ribosome is lagging.
3/4
in attenuation, if the trp is high, the ribosome is fast to reach region 2 and so the regions __ interact.
operator
Both attenuation and repression are occurring at the ____ and they have a 600 time reduction together.
riboswitches
alternative secondary structure in the 5’ UTR of mRNA that impact gene expression
noncoding
some prokaryotes have small _____ RNA which interact to either help or prevent translation
processing
____ of a protein can affect it’s ability to function and its transportation to parts of cell.