Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Multinational State
State that contains more than one nation (usually no one single dominant ethnic group)
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Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Multinational State
State that contains more than one nation (usually no one single dominant ethnic group)
Boundary
invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Colonies
a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.
Confederal System
A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states.
Consequent Boundaries
the boundaries between states are set by ethical differences, especially those based on language and/or religion. Also called Cultural Boundaries.
Core Area
the portion of a country that contains its economic, political, intellectual, and cultural focus.
Core-Periphery
A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.
Cultural Boundary
an invisible boundary made by the certain cultural beliefs and traits that make the culture
Democratization
the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
Positional Disputes
Conflict over location, usually associated with physical boundaries.
Territorial Disputes
A disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession or control of land
Resource Disputes
disagreements over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds
Functional Disputes
disagreements between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration.
Electoral Geography
The study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections.
Enclave
A distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it
Exclave
A part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
Ethnic Force
where an ethnic group shares a well-developed sense of belonging to the same culture
Federal Systems
government systems that divide the powers between the national government and state or provincial governments
Fragmentation
Adherence to or embracing of regional and even local political authority, economic development, social and cultural associations, ethnic or national divisions.
Geometric Boundary
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
Geopolitics
An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
Government
the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed
Heartland Theory
Hypothesis that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.
Integration
Allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other.
Internal Boundaries
boundaries that divide the interiors of a country into sections
Market Economy
Economic decisions are made by individuals or the open market.
Marketization
The state's recreation of a market in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value.
Minority Districting
rearranging districts to allow a minority representative to be elected
Majority Districting
area in which the majority of the constituents in the district are racial or ethnic minorities. used to sway electoral votes
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Nation-State
A country who's population share a common identity.
Physical Boundary
boundary defined by a physical land mark like a river or a lake
Friedrich Ratzel
father of modern political geography, he created the Organic Theory
Rimland Theory
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.
Security Council
Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.
State
A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community.
Supranational Organization
Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives.
Territoriality
In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.
Organic Theory
The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age. The theory that a state needs expansive land in order to prosper
World Systems Theory
Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present.
Sea Power Theory
Mahan; late 1800s; argued that control of the sea lanes would lead to national strength.
Demarcation Boundary
A boundary created by building a physical structure
Primate City
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Merchantilism
The belief that money equals power, sell more than buy, more export than import
Irredentism
The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.
Terrorism
the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
Subnational
Derivatives of the federal system. Designated portions of a country
Gerrymandering
The practice of adjusting voting district boundaries in order to benefit the interests of one political party or group.
Fragmented State
A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts. A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. This state shape weakens centralized control due to the separate areas.
Compact State
A state that possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. Fosters effective internal communication.
Elongated State
A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape.
Landlocked State
A state surrounded entirely or almost entirely by land.
Microstate
A state or territory that is small in both size and population, many are former European colonies.
Perforated State
A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.
Prorupted (Protruded) State
A state shape that exhibits a narrow, elongated land extension leading away from the main body of the territory. Historically this shape was created by colonizing powers to provide access to resources.
Stateless Nation
A nationality that is not represented by a state (Palestinians, Kurds, Basques)
Unitary Political System
A state that places most power in the hands of central government officials. A state in which most political power exists at the national level, with limited local authority.
Sovereignty
A state who's government is free from outside control. The state has power over people and territory and is recognized by other international states.
Nation
Tightly knit group of individuals sharing a common language, ethnicity, religion, and other cultural attributes that form a common identity.
Centripetal Forces
A force or attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. Centripetal forces provide stability, strengthen the state, help bind people together, and create solidarity.
Centrifugal Forces
A force or attitude that tends to divide a state.
Shatterbelt
An area of instability between regions with opposing cultural and ethnic values.
Mackinder's Heartland Theory
Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer suggested that the control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world. He formulated his hypothesis as: Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland, Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island, Who rules the World-Island commands the world. The Pivot Area is the core area of Eurasia (RUSSIA), and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia).
Devolution
Process where regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. Regions with in a country gain autonomy and this can lead to the breakup of a state.
Supranationalism
Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states to promote shared objectives. Involves two or more states and does require a state to give up some degree of political power. Examples include the EU, UN, NATO, Organization of American States, NAFTA, OPEC, EEC…
Apartheid
A legal system from South Africa that created the physical speration of different races into different geographic areas.
U.S. Census Races
Examples on this survey include: White or Caucasian, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian (Japanese, Chinese, Korean), Native Hawaiian, Samoan, Guamanian or Chamorro, and Other Pacific Islander
Race
Identity with a group of people descended from a biological ancestor.
Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
Nationality
Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country
Blockbusting
As early as 1900, real estate agents would encourage white owners to sell their homes and businesses at a loss to try to stoke fears that they were being overtaken by minorities
Sharecropping
Farmer who works land owned by another and is required to give the landowner a set percentage of the harvest - what many former slaves became after the Civil War.
Ethnic Cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. Example: Bosnia, Kosovo.
White Flight
Words that describes working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government
Ghetto
During the middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
An 1896 Supreme Court decision that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson and declared that state laws which established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities. Ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
India and Pakistan
These two countries never agreed on the location of the boundary separating them in the northern region of Kashmir. The original partition gave India 2/3 of Kashmir, even though a majority of its people were Muslims. Muslims on the Indian side of Kashmir have begun a guerrilla war to secure independence. India blames Pakistan for the unrest and vows to retain its portion of Kashmir; Pakistan argues that Kashmiris on both sides of the border should choose their own future in a vote, confident that the majority Muslim population would break away from the Hindu population.
Self Determinism
The concept that nationalities have the right to govern themselves.
God, Glory, and Gold
These were the three motivating factors of Europeans that led to the colonization of many parts of the world.
City-States
A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside. An ancient example include the cities of Mesopotamia and a modern example would be Singapore.
Western European States
This is the region where there was the first widespread use of the nation-state concept.
Arctic
This area of the world is claimed by many nations because of the potential for energy resources.
Former Yugoslavia
This country had five recognized nationalities - Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrens, Serbs, and Slovenes. After the death of Josip Tito in 1980, rivalries among the different nationalities and ethnicities led to the break down of the state.
Commonwealth
A territory that has established a mutual agreement with another state for the benefit of each, such as the countries that were once part of the British Empire.
Antarctica
The only land mass that is not part of a sovereign state and used for scientific research.
Frontier
A zone where no state exercises complete political control and is defined by an area rather than a line; such as the southern parts of Saudi Arabia.
European Union (EU)
An economic alliance among 28 countries in Europe. This alliance formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
Balance of Powers
A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing sides, such as the Soviet Union and United States during the Cold War.
Law of the Sea
Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
An impact of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea that increased the resources and economic viability of states this is an area (usually 370 km) from the shore in which a state has rights to explore, exploit, and manage natural resources in the seas.
Antecedent Boundaries
A boundary line established before an area is populated, such as the 49th parallel between the U.S. and Canada.
Subsequent Boundaries
Boundary line established after an area has been populated that considered the social and cultural characteristics of the area.
Superimposed Boundaries
Boundary line drawn in an area ignoring the existing cultural pattern, such as the 38th parallel between North and South Korea because it was created by outside forces.
Relic Boundaries
A political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape.
Definitional Boundary Disputes
Focus on legal language (e.g. median line of a river: water levels may vary)