APWHM unit 2 vocab

Astrolabe

an instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars

Banking Houses

issued bills of exchange; model for modern banks

Batu Khan

the son of Genghis Khan's oldest son who led an army of 100,000 Mongolian soldiers into Russia conquering small Russian kingdoms

Bills of Exchange

documents stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date

The Bubonic Plague

Pandemic in 1350s caused by Pax Mongolica

Calicut

city on the west coast of India that became a thriving center of trade

Caravanserai (or caravansary)

inns that popped up about 100 miles apart (the distance camels could go before they needed water) along the routes of the Silk Roads

Chagatai Khanate

a medieval Central Asian empire and successor state to the Mongol Empire, ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan's son, encompassing territories in present-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and parts of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan

Composite Bow

a versatile weapon that provided the Mongol cavalry with superior range, accuracy, and mobility, contributing to their military dominance and conquests

Credit

an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future

Dhow Ships

Arab ships with lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design; facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean networks

Diaspora

settlements of people away from their homeland arising from trade

Flying Cash/Money

a system of credit developed in China that allowed a person to deposit money at one location and withdraw it at another

Genghis Khan

name meaning 'ruler of all' given to Temujin when he was elected khan of Mongolian Kingdom; also spelled Chinggis Khan

Ghana Empire

first of the great medieval sub-Saharan gold-salt trading empires along Niger River

Gobi Desert

a desert in central Asia where many invaders came in to attack China

Golden Horde

Batu's army that pushed westward through Russia and then into Europe

Goryeo Dynasty

a medieval Korean kingdom that faced multiple Mongol invasions and ultimately became a vassal state under Mongol rule

Gujarat

a region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing

Hangzhou

capital of the Song Dynasty

The Hanseatic League

a commercial alliance that formed between northern German cities and Scandinavia in the 13th century

Hulegu

grandson of Genghis Khan that took control of the southwest region into the Abbasid territories, founder il-Khanate

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time

Il-Khanate

Hulegu's medieval Mongol state that ruled over Persia, Mesopotamia, and parts of the Caucasus and Anatolia, blending Mongol and Islamic cultures while serving as a regional power in the 13th to 14th centuries

Indian Ocean Basin

largest sea-based trade network at the time

Junk

Chinese sailing ship that developed during the Song Dynasty

Kashgar

trading city located at the western edge of China where northern and southern routes of the Silk Roads crossed

Khanates

the four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose after the death of Genghis Khan

Khmer Empire

powerful and long-lasting empire in what is modern-day Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and southern Vietnam

Kievan Rus'

a medieval East Slavic federation of city-states and principalities that fell under Mongol domination, leading to the establishment of the Mongol-controlled state known as the Golden Horde

Kilwa

major trading state on Swahili Coast founded by settlers from Arabia and Persia

Kublai Khan

grandson of Genghis Khan that sought to conquer China and finally achieved it in 1271 and established the Yuan Dynasty

Lateen Sail

triangular shaped sail that could catch wind from many different directions

Magnetic Compass

navigation tool developed in Song China for determining direction that allowed ships to travel without following the coast

Malacca

a Muslim city-state that became wealthy by building a navy and collecting fees from ships that passed through the Strait of Malacca

Mali Empire

West African gold-salt trade empire from 1235-1400 with trading cities Tibuktu and Gao

Mansa Musa

brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 to 1337; displayed Mali's wealth during an extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca

Marco Polo

an Italian native who traveled to China in the late 13th century and wrote about travels

Margery Kempe

1373-1440 she was an English mystic who dedicated one of the earliest autobiographies in English. The book is significant because it's a first-hand account of a middle-class medieval woman's life

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty from 1368-1644 founded by Zhu Yuanzhang after the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty, responsible for Zheng-He's exploration

Moscow

Russian city-state that collected additional tributes to build an anti-Mongol coalition that defeated the Golden Horde in 1380 at the Battle of Kulikovo

Nomadism

a central component of Mongol society, characterized by their mobile lifestyle, reliance on animal husbandry, and skilled horsemanship, which enabled the Mongols to establish a vast empire through their expertise in mounted warfare and strategic mobility

Pax Mongolica

the period of Mongolian peace and golden age between the 13th and 14th centuries

Porcelain

a fine blue and white ware from China

Samarkand

trade city located in present-day Uzbekistan; a stopping point on the Silk Roads between China and the Mediterranean

Songhai Kingdom

an Islamic empire established in the 1400s after the decline of the Mali Empire in West Africa

The Spice Islands

term for the islands of modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia that exported spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom

Stern Rudders

invented by the Chinese and made steering ships easier and more stable

Sundiata

Mali's founding ruler who gained control of the gold trade routes

Swahili City States

thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa created by Indian Ocean trade

Timbuktu

a very wealthy and world-renowned center for Islamic learning in Mali

Trans-Saharan Trade

route across the Sahara Desert; traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, facilitated the spread of Islam

Tumen

a military unit consisting of approximately 10,000 soldiers, formed the backbone of the Mongol military organization during their conquests

Uyghur Script

system of writing that Genghis Khan adopted for the Mongol Empire

White Lotus Society

a secret society that began organizing to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty

Yuan Dynasty

established by Kublai Khan in 1271 and was tolerant towards various religious groups in China

Zheng He

a Muslim admiral, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of seven great voyages that took his many ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa