APUSH Pd 4

Growth of Democracy

A theme woven throughout various topics in American history.

First Party System

The initial political party structure in the United States, characterized by the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

Era of Good Feelings

A period of national unity and one-party dominance after the War of 1812.

Second Party System

The political system that emerged after the Era of Good Feelings, marked by the rise of the Whig Party and sectional tensions.

War of 1812

Conflict that led to the collapse of the Federalist Party due to their opposition to the war.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

An agreement that attempted to resolve sectional tensions over slavery.

Panic of 1819

An economic crisis that contributed to growing instability in the economy.

Election of 1824

A contentious election that highlighted political divisions within the Democratic-Republican Party.

Corrupt Bargain

A term referring to the alleged deal that determined the outcome of the Election of 1824.

Jeffersonian Republicanism

A political philosophy emphasizing limited federal government, agrarianism, and individual rights.

Murbary v. Madison

A landmark case that established the principle of judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase

A significant land acquisition that doubled the size of the United States and facilitated westward expansion.

Federalist Supremacy

The principle that federal law takes precedence over state law, as established in McCullough v Maryland.

National Bank

A financial institution supported by Federalists to stabilize the economy.

Spoils System

A practice where political leaders fill government positions with their supporters.

Suffrage

The right to vote, which expanded under Jackson to include nearly all white men.

Indian Removal

Jackson's policy that forcibly relocated Native Americans, exemplified by the Trail of Tears.

Whig Party

A political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson and his policies.

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions.

Economic Policies

Strategies implemented to encourage manufacturing and commerce, including tariffs.

Foreign Policy Principles

Guidelines that included neutrality and maintaining good relations with Britain.

Opposition to executive party

Criticism of 'king Andrew' and support for national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, and active federal government role.

Constitutional arguments for internal improvements

Advocated as 'proper and necessary' for national unity and economic growth, facilitating trade and generating government revenue.

Constitutional arguments against internal improvements

Primarily from the South, claiming benefits only for the North and that federal government was overstepping local matters, with nullification as a threat to the union.

Population growth

Population doubled due to high birth rates and a surge in immigration, leading to increased consumer numbers and wage jobs replacing independent landowners.

Transportation improvements

Development of roads connecting major cities and canals linking western farms to urban areas, lowering transportation costs and revolutionizing the movement of goods and people.

Technological innovation

Inventions like the cotton gin and telegraph increased efficiency, productivity, and communication, leading to mass production in factories.

New methods of organizing finances and labor

Shift to wage earning jobs in factories, such as the Lowell system, with reliance on cheap immigrant labor, leading to competition issues for small shops.

Government support and private enterprise

Economic development often stemmed from state-led initiatives, with the Commonwealth system funding infrastructure projects, raising fears of monopolies.

Effects of the Market Revolution on gender roles

The 'cult of domesticity' emerged, with men working in factories and women primarily responsible for raising children.

Effects of the Market Revolution on family dynamics

Families became smaller due to less need for farm labor and a greater emphasis on educating children.

Effects of the Market Revolution on immigrants

Immigrants, especially from Ireland and Germany, took low-wage jobs in unskilled factories, contributing to industrial growth and urbanization.

Regional vs national identity

A unified national economy developed through new transportation and communication networks, but regional tensions arose from economic specialization, particularly regarding slavery.

Industrial development in the North

Connected to the expansion of cotton agriculture in the South, highlighting economic interdependence.

Protective tariffs

Taxes on imported goods aimed at supporting American industries and internal commerce.

Internal improvements

Investments in infrastructure like roads, canals, and railroads to facilitate commerce and national growth.

Lowell system

A labor system in factories that employed women and children, providing wage jobs.

Economic specialization

Regional focus on specific economic activities, leading to increased tensions, especially regarding slavery.

Urbanization

The movement of populations into cities, often driven by job opportunities in factories.

Social tensions from immigration

Conflict arising from immigrants taking jobs traditionally held by native-born individuals.

Economic depression

Frequent downturns in the economy leading to high unemployment and volatile economic conditions.

Revolution of 1800

A political shift in the United States where Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party took power from the Federalists.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law that prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports, aimed at Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars.

Treaty of Ghent

The agreement that ended the War of 1812, restoring relations between the United States and Britain.

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A Supreme Court case that affirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws and confirmed the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A Supreme Court case that clarified the scope of Congress's legislative power over interstate commerce.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas, asserting that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act.

Erie Canal

A man-made waterway that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, facilitating trade and transportation in the early 19th century.

Cotton Gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney that efficiently separated cotton fibers from seeds, revolutionizing the cotton industry.

Steam engine

An engine that uses steam to generate power, which played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution.

Railroads

A mode of transportation that became vital for the movement of goods and people across the United States in the 19th century.

Factory system

A method of manufacturing that began in the Industrial Revolution, characterized by the concentration of production in one place.

Democratic party

One of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, founded in the early 19th century.

The American System

An economic plan that aimed to strengthen and unify the nation through a national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the United States throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Irish immigration

The movement of Irish people to the United States, particularly during the Great Famine in the 1840s.