US_History_EOC_Review_Guide

What is Absolute Chronology?

Time and date measurements based upon an exact date (example: July 4, 1776).

Define Relative Chronology.

Time and date calculated from a major event, indicating one event comes before or after another.

What is meant by Representative Government?

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people.

Explain Spatial Diffusion.

The process where plants, animals, diseases, ideas, or innovations are transmitted from one group or culture to another across space.

What characterizes a Traditional Economy?

An economic system where production is determined by tradition and customs, and goods and services are exchanged by bartering without money.

What is a Command Economy?

An economic system where the production of goods and services is determined by the government.

Define Market Economy.

An economic system where the production of goods and services is determined by demand from consumers; also called capitalism.

Describe Subsistence Agriculture.

Farming where goods produced by a family are only for their own consumption, characterized by small scale and no trade.

What are Cottage Industries?

Small scale production of goods typically made in homes or small shops for sale in markets in traditional economies.

What are Physical Geographic Factors?

Factors related to the natural environment, such as topography, climate, vegetation, land forms, and water bodies.

What are Human Geographic Factors?

Factors related to people such as population distribution, density, growth rates, and culture.

What do Demographic Patterns refer to?

Changes and trends in population and settlement patterns.

What is a Revolution in the context of history?

An armed rebellion or uprising against the government or authority, marking a period of great change.

What does Independence mean?

Being free from influence or control of other nations, representing sovereignty.

Define Confederation.

An alliance of states where states have the majority of the power and retain their sovereignty.

What were the Articles of Confederation?

The first government of the United States from 1781 to 1788, characterized by state sovereignty and a weak national government.

Summarize the American Revolution.

The war between Britain and the 13 Colonies that led to US Independence.

List one cause of the American Revolution.

British Taxation without Representation.

Who was the leader of the Continental Army during the American Revolution?

George Washington.

What was the Declaration of Independence?

A document written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1776, stating the reasons for the colonies' independence from Britain.

What are Unalienable Rights as cited in the Declaration of Independence?

Rights that cannot be taken away, such as Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.

Who was influential in the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence?

John Locke.

Who were the Founding Fathers?

Key figures such as Benjamin Rush, John Jay, and Charles Carroll, who were instrumental in the American Revolution and government formation.

What did the Articles of Confederation establish?

A weak national government that gave more power to the states.

What is the US Constitution?

The document that serves as the supreme law of the United States, governing the national government.

What is Separation of Powers?

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent misuse of power.

Define Checks and Balances.

A system that gives each branch of government ability to limit the powers of the other branches.

What does Limited Government mean?

The principle that the government only has as much power as the people grant it.

Explain Popular Sovereignty.

The concept that the authority of a government is created and sustained by the consent of its governed.

What is Federalism?

The division of power between a central government and individual states.

What are Individual Rights?

Rights granted to individuals that protect them from government infringement.

What is Retailiation in terms of judicial review?

The power of federal courts to overturn laws they find unconstitutional.

What are the Bill of Rights?

The first ten amendments to the US Constitution that protect individual liberties.

List one right protected by the 1st Amendment.

Free Speech.

What does the 2nd Amendment protect?

The right to bear arms.

What is the 19th Amendment?

The constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote.

Who was Alexis de Tocqueville?

A writer who identified five values crucial to America's success as a constitutional republic.

What are the key influences on American government from historic documents?

The Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence, and Federalist Papers.

Who was Barack Obama?

The 44th President of the United States (2009-2017), known for the Affordable Care Act and foreign policy initiatives such as the Iran nuclear deal.

What were the major achievements of Bill Clinton?

The 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001), known for economic prosperity, welfare reform, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

What did George W. Bush accomplish during his presidency?

The 43rd President of the United States (2001-2009), notable for the War on Terror, including the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq post-9/11.

What is Lyndon B. Johnson known for?

The 36th President of the United States (1963-1969), recognized for his Great Society programs and civil rights advancements.

What are key facts about Dwight D. Eisenhower?

The 34th President of the United States (1953-1961), known for ending the Korean War and promoting interstate highway construction.

What did Jimmy Carter accomplish during his presidency?

The 39th President of the United States (1977-1981), known for human rights advocacy, the Camp David Accords, and the Iran hostage crisis.

What were Ronald Reagan's major contributions?

The 40th President of the United States (1981-1989), known for economic policies termed 'Reaganomics' and ending the Cold War.

Who were key leaders of the Chicano movement?

Leaders such as Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, who advocated for the rights of Mexican Americans during the 1960s and 1970s.

What does the Civil Rights Act of 1964 entail?

Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, providing equal access to public accommodations.

What is the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

A landmark piece of federal legislation that prohibited racial discrimination in voting, aimed at ensuring African American voter registration.

What are significant Supreme Court cases related to civil rights?

Cases like Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

What was the Sunbelt Migration?

A post-World War II demographic shift of people moving from northern states to southern and western states, influenced by climate and employment opportunities.

What is the Interstate Highway Act?

A 1956 legislation that funded the construction of the Interstate Highway System, significantly improving U.S. transportation.

What was the significance of the Sputnik launch?

The 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite by the Soviet Union, marking the start of the Space Race between the U.S. and USSR.

What does the term 'Iron Curtain' refer to?

A term popularized by Winston Churchill to describe the division between Western democracies and Eastern communist countries during the Cold War.

What was the outcome of Korematsu v. United States?

The 1944 Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a wartime necessity, later widely criticized.

What was the Fair Deal?

President Harry S. Truman's domestic program aimed at extending New Deal reforms, including national health insurance and civil rights.

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

Post-World War II military tribunals held to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Who was Eleanor Roosevelt?

The First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945, known for her advocacy for civil rights and humanitarian efforts, including her role in the UN.

What was Eleanor Roosevelt's impact on WWII and the UN?

She advocated for human rights during the war and served as a delegate to the UN, helping draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

What was the War in Iraq?

A military conflict that began in 2003 under President George W. Bush, aimed at toppling Saddam Hussein's regime.

What was the outcome of the election of Al Gore?

Al Gore, running against George W. Bush in the controversial 2000 election, lost after a Supreme Court decision regarding Florida's ballots.

What is Trickle-Down Economics?

An economic theory that suggests benefits for the wealthy will eventually trickle down to the rest of the population.

What was the Iran-Contra Affair?

A political scandal in the 1980s involving the illegal sale of arms to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua during Reagan's presidency.

What was The Moral Majority?

A political group founded in 1979 to promote conservative Christian values in politics, influential during Ronald Reagan's presidency.

Who is Sandra Day O'Connor?

The first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1981, nominated by Ronald Reagan.

What were the terms of Ronald Reagan?

The 40th President of the United States served from 1981 to 1989, known for his conservative policies and ending the Cold War.

What were key events during George H.W. Bush's presidency?

He served as the 41st President from 1989 to 1993, overseeing the end of the Cold War and the Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm.

What were major achievements of Bill Clinton during his presidency?

The 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001, known for economic prosperity, welfare reform, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

What was Mendez v. Westminster School District?

A 1947 court case that ended school segregation for Mexican American children in California, setting a precedent for Brown v. Board of Education.

What was Sweatt v. Painter?

A 1950 Supreme Court case where the Court ruled against the separate law school for African Americans, stating it was not equal to the University of Texas.

What was Hernandez v. Texas?

A 1954 Supreme Court ruling that held that Mexican Americans were entitled to equal protection under the 14th Amendment, challenging discriminatory practices.

What was Delgado v. Bastrop ISD?

A 1948 case where the court ruled that Texas school districts could not segregate Mexican American students, further dismantling educational discrimination.

What was White v. Regester?

A 1973 Supreme Court case that found the Texas legislature's districting method diluted minority voting, which violated the Voting Rights Act.

What was Edgewood ISD v. Kirby?

A 1993 case in Texas that addressed school funding equity, resulting in changes to the state's public school financing system.

What was Brown v. Board of Education?

The landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

What are the key amendments related to civil rights?

Amendments 13 (abolition of slavery), 14 (equal protection under the law), 15 (right to vote regardless of race), and others support civil rights.

What was the Peace Corps?

A program established by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 that sends American volunteers abroad to provide development assistance and promote peace.

What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A failed military invasion of Cuba by U.S. forces in April 1961, aimed at overthrowing Fidel Castro's regime under President John F. Kennedy.

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba, occurring during Kennedy's presidency.

What was the New Frontier?

The term used by President John F. Kennedy to describe his domestic policy agenda aimed at addressing social issues, economic growth, and civil rights, introduced in 1960.

When did John F. Kennedy serve as President?

He served as the 35th President of the United States from January 20, 1961, until his assassination on November 22, 1963.

What was the Berlin Airlift?

A military operation in 1948-1949 where the Allies provided supplies to West Berlin after Stalin blocked access to the city.

Why was the Berlin Airlift necessary?

It was a response to the Soviet blockade of land routes into West Berlin, which aimed to gain control over the entire city.

What were the major challenges faced during the Berlin Airlift?

Logistical challenges included transporting enough food and supplies to sustain West Berlin's population under the blockade.

What was the outcome of the Berlin Airlift?

The successful airlift lasted nearly a year and resulted in the lifting of the blockade, solidifying West Berlin's status as a free city.

Who were the key players in the Berlin Airlift?

The United States and its Western allies, including the United Kingdom and France, coordinating to deliver supplies to West Berlin.

How did the Berlin Airlift affect US-Soviet relations?

It escalated tensions during the Cold War, demonstrating the West's commitment to containing communism.

What term refers to the division of Berlin after World War II?

The city was divided into East and West Berlin, symbolizing the broader division between Eastern and Western blocs.

What was Operation Vittles?

The code name for the American portion of the Berlin Airlift, delivering food, fuel, and other resources to West Berlin.

How many flights were made during the Berlin Airlift?

Over 200,000 flights were conducted to deliver essential supplies to the citizens of West Berlin.

What was the significance of the Berlin Airlift in Cold War history?

It was one of the first major crises of the Cold War, highlighting the ideological conflict between the democratic West and

What is the Cold War?

A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies from the end of World War II until the early 1990s.

What was the Space Race?

A competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for supremacy in space exploration, highlighted by milestones such as the launch of Sputnik and the Apollo moon landings.

What were the Geneva Accords?

A series of agreements from 1954 aimed at resolving conflicts in Indochina, including the division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

What was the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?

A 1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to increase U.S. military presence in Vietnam, escalating American involvement in the conflict.

Define Detente.

A diplomatic term referring to the easing of strained relations, particularly between the U.S. and Soviet Union during the 1970s.

What was the significance of the Fall of the Berlin Wall?

The 1989 event symbolized the end of the Cold War, leading to the reunification of Germany and the decline of communist influence in Eastern Europe.

What was the significance of the Civil Rights Movement?

A struggle for social justice and equality for African Americans in the U.S., aiming to eliminate segregation and discrimination.

Who were key figures in the Environmental Movement?

Prominent individuals like Rachel Carson and Al Gore who advocated for environmental protection and awareness.

What was the impact of the Watergate Scandal?

The political scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon in 1974, resulting in a loss of public trust in government.

What was the significance of NAFTA?

The North American Free Trade Agreement signed in 1994, aimed at eliminating trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.