conquest and the umayyad caliphate

@mmw12

the five pillars

• Shahada: allah is the one and only god, muhammed is his prophet declaration of faith

• Salat: prayer (5 times a day)

• Zakat: almsgiving (part of earnings and beyond that)

• ramadan (month of fasting)

• hajj (pilgrimage to mecca)

kalima or the creed

• declaring that there is no god but allah and muhammed is his messengerr

rules for prayer

• 5 times a day

• kneeling

• clean

zakat vs. sadaqa

• zakat: mandatory giving

• sadaqa: giving and not making a spectacle 

ramadan

• month of fasting

• demonstrate that you are limited by physical needs

hajj

• pilgrimage to mecca

• originally a concession to meccans since this was profitable for quraysh

meaning of “muslim”

• one who submits (to God)

jihad vs. qital

• Jihad: means "struggle" or "striving" in Arabic and is a broader concept that encompasses both spiritual and physical efforts to uphold and spread Islamic values

• Qital: specific term for armed combat or warfare, often translated as "holy war”

• "struggle" or "striving" vs armed struggle (less present in qur'an)

ansar vs. muhajrun

• people in medina who had converted vs meccans who followed to medina

shura

• collective decision-making in Islam

• consensus

abu bakr

• first rashidun khalifa, father in law and friend of muhammed, his daughter is A'isha who is known Muhammad's favorite wife after Khadija and as Mother of the Faithful

khalifa or caliph

• Caliph comes from the Arabic 'Khalifa' and means 'representative' or 'deputy'

wars of the ridda

• "reconversion", built momentum, helped bring back muslims after mohammed's death

rashidun khalifas

• "rightly guided deputies", successors of muhammed, ¾ were assassinated

battle of the camel in 656

• Abi-Talib vs Aisha, fought over the death of the previous caliph, and won by Ali-Talib, marked return to patriarchal values, Aisha pushed out state affairs

ali

• son of ali-talib, 4th rashidun khalifa, son-in-law of muhammed, inspiration of shi'at ali (shia)

mu’awiya

• founder of umayyad dynasty, "khalifa alla"--> deputy to god, secular authority

damascus as capital

• capital of Umayyad caliphate, moved there by Mu'awiya

amsars

• tax-exempt estates given as spoils of war, not given to malawi soldiers, eventually became small military outposts that became large cities

umayyad caliphate

• Arab based, Mu'awiya challenged Ali, after Ali was assassinated he assumed the title of Khalifa Allah, or Deput of God, which was associated with hereditary kingship

dhimmis

• Non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state

jizya or poll-tax

• Non-Muslim Dhimmis must pay the poll tax if they decide not to convert

mawalis

• Non-Arab converts to Muslim, treated like second class citizens

diwan registry

• registry for who would get the war spoils

al-zubayr in mecca

• declared himself khalifa, challenged umayyads, started tradition of having more than one caliph at a time

abd al-malik ibn marwan

• example of islamic caesaropapism, standardized currency, arabic made official language

arabization

• Expansion of Arab culture through military and cultural influence

dome of the rock

• mosque built on top of former temple and looks down upon holy sepulcher, assertion of islamic power in jerusalem