Middle Ages

what were some of the set backs the church was facing from 500 - 1000

bishops were married - simony - kings control of bishops

what was the role of the new religious order

The new religious orders, such as the Dominicans and Franciscans, aimed to reform the Church by focusing on asceticism, community living, and a return to spiritual simplicity, often emphasizing education and charity.

describe three major church reforms implemented by the popes starting in the 1000’s

Three major reforms included the elimination of simony, collected tax 1/10th of income, reorganized the church to be more like a kingdom.

what are two architectural characteristics of Gothic cathedrals, and what was the cause of construction

Gothic cathedrals are characterized by pointed arches, flying buttresses. to show off wealth and for more pilgrimages to come to there town.

what event started the crusades

Pope Urban gave a speech to convince Europeans to go

what are the reason people went to the crusades

promised to be forgiven from sin - promised to go to heaven once they died.

describe two immediate effects and two long term effects of the crusades

Immediate: 2-6 million Europeans died - Constantinople sacked

Long term: papal power weakened - the Byzantine empire declined

explain what the Reconquista and in the inquisition were

the Reconquista: the effect by christian leaders to drive Muslims out of Spain

the Inquisition: catholic tribunal for investigation and prosecution - in Spain during the 1400’s- remove heretics

explain two major reasons why medieval towns grew.

towns had many opportunities - to escape manors and become free

what were medieval towns like

very populated - new social classes - many guilds - nation states

How and why did universities grow

academics guilds were created by churches to try and teach people so they could become bishops - it was need for trading and bureaucracy.

what were some ways businesses changed with the rise of towns? How did they benefit the king

businesses grew and needed educated workers - the king taxes merchants/people

what were guilds? what role did they play?

Guilds were groups of people that had the same job. They set standards for quality, and provided training for apprentices. They also played a role in supporting their members socially and economically.

what were the steps in joining a guild?

apprentice: learn for 2- 7 years by master - journeyman: works to pay until can make a master piece then becomes - master fully qualified guild member who runs own business and teaches apprentices.

what is vernacular? Why is vernacular in literature historically significant?

Vernacular refers to the everyday language. in literature texts were more accessible to the general population, leading to increased of literacy and the spread of ideas.

what was the conflict between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV?

the Pope wanted the king to follow papal power and the king didn't want to so he imprisoned the pope and he later died.

What Happened during the Great Schism? What impact did it have?

The Great Schism was when there were two people's in different areas. weakened the church

how did the Bubonic plague spread.

Fleas on black rats

describe two long- term impacts for eh black death on European society.

The Black Death led to a significant decrease in population - labor shortages and higher wages for workers. decline in the authority and influence of the Church as people's faith weakened.

identify and describe two main causes of the hundred years war

the king of France died and the king of England thought he should become the king of France because they were related. 2. both wanted more control in trade - the English Chanel

How did the Hundred Years’ War change warfare

Chivalry died - start of long bows and cannons and the rise of professional armies.

what role did Joan of Arc play in the Hundred Years War

convinced France to fight again- boosted moral and ended up winning the second war