Biochem ugh

Monosaccharides

1 sugar

disaccharides

2 sugars

oligosaccharides

few sugars

polysaccharides

Many sugars

What are carbohydrates?

A carbonyl group, and several hydroxyl groups

carbonyl group

carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen

carbohydrates are repeats of

(CH2O)n

hydroxyl group

one oxygen atom bonded to one hydrogen atom

2 types of monosaccharides

aldose, ketose

aldehyde group

ketone group

Aldose

Sugars containing an aldehyde group (CHO)

Ketose

Sugars containing a ketone group (CO)

Where variety in monosaccharides come from

Number of carbons, chirality of each carbon atom

Isomer subtypes

COnstitutional isomers, stereoisomers

stereoisomer subtypes

Enantiomers, diastereoisomers

Diastereoisomer subtypes

Epimers, anomers

Isomers

Molecules w/ the same formula, but different structures

Constitutional isomers

differs in order of attachment of atoms

stereoisomers

atoms are connected in the same order, but differ in spatial arrangement

enantiomers

Mirror image

Diastereoisomer

uhhhhh

Epimers

Differs at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms

Anomers

Isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure

Chirality

can be placed on its mirror image and not align perfectly

only chiral molecules have…

enantiomers

D or L designation

Look to the OH attached to the farthest chiral carbon from carbon 1, if it points to right, D, if left, L

mannose is the 2-epimer of glucose, galactose is the 4-epimer of glucose

Ring of monosaccharides

when a pentose or hexose are placed in an aqueous solution, and a hydroxyl group towards the end bonds with the carbonyl carbon

pyranose

a monosaccharide with a six membered ring containing an oxygen

Anomeric center

extra chirality center in the ring form than in the open-chain form of a monosaccharide

α-anomer

a stereoisomer with the hydroxyl group below the ring

β-anomer

a stereoisomer with the hydroxyl group above the ring

glycosidic bonds

how sugars link to other sugars

WHat happens when a glycosidic bond forms

condensation reaction

D-ribose

D-deoxyribose

D-Glucose

D-Glucose

β-D-deoxyribose

β-D-ribose

D-Mannose

α-D-Mannose

D-Galactose

α-D-Galactose

D-fructose

α-D-fructose

disaccharides

When 2 monosaccharides join

Sucrose is composed of

Glucose and fructose

lactose is composed of

Galactose and glucose

Maltose is composed of

2 glucose molecules

Polymers of glucose

Cellulose, starch, glycogen

Cellulose

straight chain that can be packed in tightly with other chains, dense, rigid

Starch

How glucose is stored in plants

Starch subtypes

Amylose, amylopectin

Amylose

linear polymer of glucose units, linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

amylopectin

branched polymer, with an α-1,6-glycosidic bond for every 30 α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

Glycogen

How glucose is stored in animal cells—highly branched

Lipids

biological substances that do not dissolve in water but are soluble in organic solvents

Lipids have roles in…..

energy storage, structure, compartmentalization, and signaling

Fatty acids

chains of hydrogen-bearing carbon atoms that have a carboxylic acid at one end

Saturated fatty acids

Contains no carbon double bonds

Saturated fatty acids melting point

Increases as molar mass increases

Unsaturated fatty acids

Contains carbon double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acid subtypes

monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans-fat

Monounsaturated fatty acids

one double bond

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

2+ double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids melting point

increases with molar mass but decreases with the degree of unsaturation.

Unsaturated fats have a lower surface area than saturated fats

true

triglycerides (TAGs) are made up of

3 fatty acids, glycerol

triglycerides (TAGs) bond

Ester bond (O-C=O)

TAGs are soluble/insoluble?

Insoluble

Cholesterol is a precurser to

bile salts, vitamin D, steroid hormones

Bile salts

Make dietary lipids more accessible for digestion

steroid hormones…

bind to specific intracellular receptor proteins that then regulate gene expression

Glucocorticoids (steroid hormones)

regulate glucose metabolism, have anti-inflammatory properties and immunosuppressant activity

mineralcorticoids (steroid hormones)

regulate electrolyte balance tissue

sex hormones (Steroid hormones)

Progestins, estrogens, androgens—puberty/development

how cholesterol and triacylglycerols are transported

lipoprotein particles

lipoprotein particles

consist of a protein part (solubilize) and various lipids (direct particles to targets)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

major carrier of cholesterol in the blood.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

carries cholesterol released into the blood back to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport)

what the cell membrane is composed of

phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol