comp study argumentation study guides

argumentation is a ____ way of asserting the ___ of a ____ position, belief or _____.

logical, soundness, debatable, conclusion

Argumentation takes a ___ support by ___ — and urges people to ______

Stand, evidence, share writers perspective and insights

“To Sell is Human: The Surprising Truth about Moving Others” what argument is David Pink trying to make?

impact of the smartphone has been much greater than most people realize

“To Sell is Human: The Surprising Truth about Moving Others” what are 2 key pieces of evidence he uses to make his point?

new app economy, new jobs

Argumentation can be used to ___ other people to accept you ___ to ___ your position… or to ___ or refute a position you believe to me misguided, untrue, dangerous, or evil.

convince, position, defend, question

what is persuasion?

general term that refers to how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action

to persuade an audience, a writer relies on various kind of appeals

Pathos, logos, ethos

Argumentation appeals to ___

reason (logos)

Argumentation is different from persuasion in that ____

it doesn’t move an audience, it says ideas are valid or not

moreover, unlike persuasion argumentation ___

has a formal structure, makes points, supplies evidence, has a chain of reason, refutes arguments, accommodates to audience views

most effective arguments combine___: even though their primary appeal is to ___. They may also appeal to emotions

two or more appeals, reason

as you consider what strategies to use, remember that some extremely effective appeals are ___.. in your college writing you should use only those appeals that most people would consider ___. to do otherwise will___ you audience’s belief in your ___ and weaken you argument.

unfair, fair, undercut, trustworthiness

ideally you should have a ___or ___ stake in your topic. you should be able to consider you topic from __

intellectual, emotional, other people’s viewpoints

if your topic is so far-reaching that you cannot identify what point you___ or if you position is overly ___ or ___ your essay will suffer

want to make, idealistic, unreasonable

your thesis must take a stand and be ___… a good way to test the suitability of your thesis for an argumentative essay is to formulate an ___, a statement that asserts the __ position.

debatable, antithesis, opposite

What is the dual challenge you face in writing an argumentative essay?

appeal to readers who are neutral or hostile to your position and you must influence those readers so that they are more receptive to your viewpoint

the audience will not just take your __________ for the claims you make

word

it is best to assume that some if not most of your readers are ___ which means that they ____

skeptical, are open to your ideas but need to be convinced

the best evidence can do is to convince your audience that an assertion is ____ and worth _____

reasonable, considering

to make a opinion fact or statement more persuasive use __ opinion

expert

what is credibility?

believability

relevance of argument means it should

support your thesis

representative evidence means

represent full range of opinions

typical examples/ opinions should be

common and not to fair off topic

sufficient evidence means

include enough facts, opinions, examples

why is it important to document your sources? 2 examples

evaluate the sources you cite and consult them if they wish, establish credibility to readers by showing there is nothing to hide

explain what plagiarism is and the connection to common knowledge

plagiarism is using someones words are you own CK is stuff you can find on multiple sources

list what you must document in you paper

direct quotation, any ideas stats charts diagrams or pictures

what is the refutation

helps convince readers your topic is valid

why is the refutation important

it is essential in making your point valid

how do you write a refutation

careful use of definition and cause and effect, show weakness of opponents points to reinforce your own,

the only problem is when an opponents argument is so compelling that it cannot be easily dismissed then you should ___ its strength, which means that you should ____

concede, admit that it is valid

when you plan your argument, write down all the ____AGAINST your thesis you can think of. Then, as you gather your evidence, decide which of them you will ____. Be careful that you do not distort an opponents argument by making it seem ___ that it actually is. This technique called creating a _____ can backfire and turn readers against you.

arguments, refute, weaker, strawman

According to Rogers traditional strategies of argument rely on _____

confrontation

Rogers recommends that you think of those who disagree with you as ____ not ____. with this approach you enter into a ____ relationship with opponents instead of being aggressive

colleagues, adversaries, cooperative

by adopting a thoughtful attitude you demonstrate ____ for the opposing view and your willingness to compromise and work toward a ____ that both sides can find acceptable

your respect, position

_____ proceeds form a general ____ to a _____. this is what most people think of as ____

deductive reasoning, premise, specific conclusion, logic

____ proceeds from ___ to a _____ and uses no strict form

inductive reasoning, individual observations, more general conclusion

what is syllogism

the basic form of a deductive argument

Put in order major, minor premise, and conclusion: All cars have wheels. Therefore my car has wheel. I drive a car.

All cars have wheels, I drive a car, Therefore me car has wheels

what are two ways in which a syllogism would produce an illogical conclusion?

Not logical, not true

what is the process to inductive thinking?

decide a question to answer, gather evidence that is relevant, make inference to answer the question using the evidence

what is a inductive leap

a stretch of the imagination that enables you to draw a second conclusion

Toulmin Logic puts forth a ____ that divides arguments into ___ parts: the ___ the ____ and the ___

model, 3, claim, grounds, warrant

What is the difference between syllogism vs toulmin logic

syllogism is a lie and toulmins is all true

what is the claim in Toulmins logic

is the main point of the essay in thesis or implied

whats is the grounds in Toulmins logic

support to the claim can be evidence appeals to emotion or values of audience

what is the warrant in Toulmins logic

inference that connects the claim and the grounds can be a belief that is taken for granted or assumption that underlines the argument

what was the issue Jefferson presented in the Declaration of Independence?

under the current King they were treated unfairly

Jefferson provides ___ examples of injustice. Following the evidence, Jefferson ___ by explaining how agin and agin the colonists have ___ to the British for ___ but without ____

28, refutes counterarguments, appealed, redress, result

3 parts of syllogism

major premise, minor premise, conclusion